背景：由不同协会发布的指南中报告的基于石头负担的管理策略长期以来众所周知。鹿角结石,代表着最大的负担和最复杂的石头，是临床实践中泌尿科医师最具挑战性的病例之一。国际尿石症联盟（IAU）发布了一系列关于尿石症管理的指南。
目的：为鹿角形结石的现代管理提供一系列建议，并为泌尿科医生治疗这些复杂结石患者提供临床框架。
方法：对1976年1月1日至2022年12月31日在PubMed上发表的英文文章进行全面的文献搜索，OVID,执行Embase和Medline数据库。在文献回顾和小组讨论之后，制定了一系列建议并进行了单独分级。
结果：定义，发病机制，病理生理学,术前评估,术中治疗策略和程序建议，术后早期管理，本文总结了结石复发的随访和预防。
结论：关于鹿角形结石治疗的一系列建议，本指南中提供的相关评论和支持文件旨在为执业泌尿科医师管理鹿角形结石提供临床框架.
BACKGROUND: The stone burden based management strategy reported in the
guidelines published by different associations is well known for a long time. Staghorn calculi, representing the largest burden and most complex stones, is one of the most challenging cases to practicing urologists in clinical practice. The International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU) has released a series of
guidelines on the management of urolithiasis.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a series of recommendations for the contemporary management management of staghorn calculi and to provide a clinical framework for urologists treating patients with these complex stones.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search for articles published in English between 01/01/1976 and 31/12/2022 in the PubMed, OVID, Embase and Medline database is performed. A series of recommendations are developed and individually graded following the review of literature and panel discussion.
RESULTS: The definition, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, preoperative evaluation, intraoperative treatment strategies and procedural advice, early postoperative management, follow up and prevention of stone recurrence are summarized in the present document.
CONCLUSIONS: A series of recommendations regarding the management of staghorn calculi, along with related commentary and supporting documentation offered in the present
guideline is intended to provide a clinical framework for the practicing urologists in the management of staghorn calculi.
