印度的药物警戒计划(PvPI),在它成立之后,已经可靠地获得了在群众中揭露问题的力量,医疗保健专业人员,制药行业,和医院的临床工作人员。药物不良反应是指暴露于药物后发生的非预期事件,生物制品,或医疗设备,它们可能导致发病率和死亡率。至关重要的是在上市后阶段监测药物的安全性,以发现长期和罕见的ADR,以及在临床试验中通常不包括的特殊人群和合并症患者的ADR。药物警戒的明确目标是整理和分析数据。评估ADR与药物之间的因果关系对于减少ADR的发生和降低药物相关ADR的风险是必要的。ADR可能导致发病率增加,增加住院时间,增加了治疗费用,导致患者安全受损。因果关系评估是评估特定治疗是观察到的不良事件的原因的可能性,并且建立药物与药物反应之间的因果关系对于防止进一步复发是必要的。许多可用于建立药物与不良事件之间因果关系的方法已大致分为临床判断或全球内省。算法,和概率方法。其中包括瑞典方法,世界卫生组织-乌普萨拉监测中心(世卫组织-UMC)量表,Naranjo的算法,克莱默算法,琼斯算法,Karch算法,Bégaud算法,药物不良反应咨询委员会指南,贝叶斯不良反应诊断仪,等等。尽管有各种方法可用,没有一种因果关系评估工具被普遍接受为黄金标准。Naranjo的算法和WHO-UMC量表是,然而,最常用的。同样,用于ADR的可预防性和严重程度评估,最常用的是舒莫克和桑顿秤和哈特维格和西格尔秤。因此,我们回顾了可用来评估因果关系的不同工具和方法,可预防性,和ADR的严重程度。
The pharmacovigilance program of India (PvPI), after its inception, has been reliably acquiring force in bringing issues to light among the masses, healthcare professionals, the pharma industry, and clinical staff at hospitals. Adverse drug reactions are unintended events that occur after exposure to a drug, biological product, or medical device, and they may result in morbidity and mortality. It is critical to monitor the safety of drugs during the post-marketing phase to find long-term and rare ADRs, as well as ADRs in special populations and patients with co-morbidities that are not usually included during clinical trials. The definitive objective of pharmacovigilance is to collate data and analyze it. Assessing the causality between ADRs and drugs is necessary to decrease the occurrence of ADRs and to reduce the risk of drug-related ADRs. ADRs may lead to increased morbidity, increased hospital stays, and increased cost of treatment, resulting in compromised patient safety. Causality assessment is the evaluation of the likelihood that a particular treatment is the cause of an observed adverse event and establishing a causal association between a drug and a drug reaction is necessary to prevent further recurrences. Numerous methods available for establishing a causal association between the drug and adverse events have been broadly classified into clinical judgment or global introspection, algorithms, and probabilistic methods. These include the Swedish method, World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) scale, Naranjo\'s algorithm, Kramer algorithm, Jones algorithm, Karch algorithm, Bégaud algorithm, Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee guidelines, Bayesian Adverse Reaction Diagnostic Instrument, and so on. Despite various methods available, none of the causality assessment tools have been universally accepted as the gold standard. Naranjo\'s algorithm and WHO-UMC scales are, however, the most commonly used. Similarly, for preventability and severity assessment of ADRs, the Schumock and Thornton scale and Hartwig and Siegel\'s scale are most commonly used. Hence, we reviewed different tools and methods available to assess the causality, preventability, and severity of ADRs.