BACKGROUND: Segmental fractures often result from high-energy or indirect trauma that causes bending or torsional forces with axial loading. We evaluated surgical outcomes of patients with forearm segmental diaphyseal fractures.
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with forearm segmental fractures for which they underwent surgery at the Pusan National University Trauma Center from March 2013 to March 2022. We also analyzed accompanying injuries, injury severity score (ISS), injury mechanism, occurrence of open fracture, surgical technique, and treatment results.
RESULTS: Fifteen patients were identified, one with bilateral segmental diaphyseal forearm bone fracture, for a total of 16 cases. Nine of the patients were male. The overall mean age was 50 years, and the mean follow-up period was 16.2 months. Six cases who underwent surgery using plate osteosynthesis achieved bone union without length deformity at final follow-up. Three of seven patients who underwent intramedullary nailing alone underwent reoperation due to nonunion. Six cases achieved bone union at final follow-up, three of which showed length deformity. Three patients underwent surgery using a hybrid method of IM nailing, plates, and mini cables. One patient who underwent surgery with a plate and one patient who underwent surgery with IM nailing alone showed nonunion and were lost to follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Plate osteosynthesis is considered the gold standard for treatment of adult forearm diaphyseal segmental fractures. In this study, IM nailing was associated with high rates of non-union and length deformity. However, the combination of IM nailing and a plate-cable system may be an acceptable alternative in segmental diaphyseal forearm fracture, achieving a union rate similar to that provided by plate fixation.

Cutaneous leiomyomas are benign tumors arising from smooth muscles of the skin. Multiple lesions may be arranged in segmental, zosteriform, disseminated patterns. Multiple pilar leiomyomas may be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and may be associated with uterine fibroids and renal cell carcinoma, also known as Reed Syndrome.

Segmental schwannomatosis involving a nerve in single limb is uncommon. Schwannomatosis is used to describe a distinct clinicopathological disease of multiple schwannomas without manifestations of neurofibromatosis, and it is termed segmental when a single extremity is involved. Surgery is indicated when there is progressive clinical deterioration or progressive increase in size of the tumors. We present a case series of segmental schwannomatosis involving the lower limb.

UNASSIGNED: Management of Mmonteggia fractures has always been debatable; Nnumerous variants have been described in the literature since its first description in 1814. We report a new variant of classical Mmonteggia fracture in a 33-year-old male.
UNASSIGNED: A 33-year old male was brought to the emergency room with an alleged history of assault and was managed with an external wound. Antero-Pposterior and lateral radiographs showed segmental ulna fracture and radial head dislocation. The Ppatient was managed surgically with open reduction internal fixation with reconstruction plate for segmental ulna and closed reduction of radial head was attempted after achieving an anatomical reduction of the ulna. Close attention was paid to the early post-operative mobilization of the elbow joint with the help of a Hinged elbow brace and terminal functional outcome re re-evaluated at 6six months with a DASH score of 11 and MAYO score of 92.
UNASSIGNED: We report a rare type 1 monteggia equivalent not described in the literature. Despite the variability of the monteggia equivalents, the principle of management remains the same. Early mobilization of the elbow is of utmost importance to avoid post-operative stiffness.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic lower motor neuron disease. It usually involves all of the skeletal muscles innervated by the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. In rare cases, there is also localised involvement of the spinal cord. We report a 10-year-old boy who presented to the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, in 2015 with muscle weakness restricted to the lower limbs. The presence of a homozygous deletion within the survival of motor neuron 1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of SMA. To the best of the authors\' knowledge, this is the first report of an Omani patient with segmental SMA involving only the lower limbs. Treatment for this rare and relatively benign form of SMA is symptomatic and includes physiotherapy.

The incidence of segmental testicular infarction is extremely low. The condition usually presents with acute scrotal pain and may be confused clinically and radiologically with a testicular tumor or torsion. To the best of our knowledge, only a few cases have been reported in the English literature. In this study, we present a case of segmental testis infarction in a 23-year-old male with an acute onset of testicular pain. The diagnosis of testicular infarction was considered following sonography examination. Hemorrhagic infarction of the testis was confirmed by surgical exploration and pathological examination. Partial orchiectomy was performed. Although it is uncommon, segmental testicular infarction should be taken into consideration when acute scrotal pain is encountered, since the therapeutic strategy could be conservative.