This study investigated the relationship between parental reports of children\'s behavioral problems and their cheating behaviors on simulated academic tests, addressing a significant gap in understanding early childhood academic cheating and its potential links to broader behavioral issues. We hypothesized that children\'s early problem behaviors would be predictive of their academic cheating. To test these hypotheses, children aged 4 to 12 years took part in six unmonitored academic tests that measured their cheating behaviors while their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire elsewhere. Separate hierarchical linear regressions revealed that children\'s problem behaviors, as reported by parents, overall significantly predict children\'s cheating behaviors even after accounting for demographic variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, and parental religiosity. Specifically, the Conduct Problems subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire showed a significant and unique association with children\'s cheating behaviors above and beyond the common contributions of all predictors. However, the Child Behavior Checklist scores and the scores on the other Strengths and Difficulties subscales were not significantly or uniquely related to cheating. These findings offer new insight into simulated childhood academic cheating and its relation to problem behaviors observed by parents.

UNASSIGNED: Understanding the determinants of malaria morbidity offers helpful insights toward the changing malaria situation, which might lead to the adjustment of malaria program activities. Even though the determinants of malaria morbidity remain unknown, school-aged children were the highest malaria morbidity contributors in the East Hararghe Zone. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of malaria morbidity among school-aged children in the study area from February 1 to May 31, 2020.
UNASSIGNED: A case-control study was conducted among school-aged children living in ten randomly selected low, moderate, and high malaria transmission kebeles. Cases were confirmed as positive for malaria, while controls were confirmed as negative for malaria among randomly selected school-aged children. Rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) and blood film (BF) malaria testing methods were used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify association between malaria and its determinants.
UNASSIGNED: The determinants of malaria infection were having no formal education (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.91, 95% CI: 1.20-20.17), low family wealth index (AOR=2.50, 95% CI: 1.22-5.12), being from rural residence (AOR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.87-4.12), living near to stagnant water (AOR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.14-3.54), having a maximum of three family members (AOR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.18-0.78), using indoor residual spraying (IRS) (AOR=0.15, 95% CI: 0.08-0.29) and long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLITN) over the last night (AOR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.10-0.35), and living in the house surrounded by cultivated land(AOR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.10-0.60) compared with their counterparts.
UNASSIGNED: This study revealed that residence, family size, education, wealth index, stagnant water existence, and using LLITN and IRS had significant association with malaria morbidity. Thus, all concerned bodies, including the community should strengthen working on stagnant water elimination around their house to cut the breeding site of the malaria vector mosquito. Moreover, the findings have an important implication for improving interventions targeting the economic status and literacy of the society that may help in the reduction of the risk of malaria in the school-aged children.

The Japanese national immunization program recommends that children receive 4 doses of acellular pertussis vaccine between 3 months and 2 years of age. Nevertheless, the number of pertussis cases is increasing in elementary school children aged 6-12 years. Therefore, a test-negative case-control study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the pertussis vaccine program.
Subjects included children aged ≥3 months who visited a collaborating hospital due to pertussis-specific cough between October 2017 and November 2019. All subjects underwent diagnostic tests for pertussis, and those diagnosed as positive were regarded as cases. Subjects diagnosed as pertussis-negative were classified as controls. Vaccination history was collected using a questionnaire administered to parents with reference to immunization records. Logistic regression models were employed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval for laboratory-confirmed pertussis.
Of 187 recruited subjects (120 cases and 67 controls), questionnaire responses were obtained for 145 subjects (95 cases and 50 controls). Compared with unvaccinated subjects, the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 4 doses was 70% among all subjects and reached to 90% with marginal significance among subjects under 6 years of age. However, among school-aged subjects, the VE was not suggestive of protection against pertussis (VE: 8%). For vaccinees given 4 doses, the OR for developing pertussis increased significantly with longer duration since the fourth dose (compared with <4.5 years, OR of 6.0-8.2 years = 5.74; OR of ≥8.3 years = 3.88; P for trend by duration < 0.01).
Effectiveness of administering 4 doses of pertussis vaccine during infancy decreases with time passed since the fourth dose. This regimen does not protect school-aged children against pertussis.

The population of immigrants in the U.S. continues to grow, with more than one million immigrants arriving every year. This study examines the acculturation of new immigrant and temporary resident children and their parents from Japan, as they navigate two cultures and seek a sense of belonging. Acculturation to a new culture poses various psychosocial challenges, including a loss of a sense of belonging, which can result in social isolation and withdrawal. Examination of the experiences of families from Japan, where group belonging is highly valued, can illuminate the role of belonging in acculturation. We examined individual interviews with 14 Japanese parents in U.S. southern cities. During the interviews, they described the experiences of a total of 23 children from preschool to 9th grade. Parents indicated an absence of a place for children where they feel a sense of belonging (i.e., Ibasho) in their local schools, which resulted in social isolation, psychological exhaustion, and a reluctance to seek support. Children, however, found their Ibasho at a Japanese Supplementary School, where they attended weekly to receive academic instruction in Japanese, enjoyed playing with Japanese friends, and gained energy to navigate challenges at their local schools. The Supplementary School also served as parents\' Ibasho where they exchanged information to navigate cross-cultural experiences. This study has implications for how we can better support acculturation of new immigrant and temporary resident families including those from other cultural groups.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a theory describing the processes and actions involved with school nurse case management for school-aged children with chronic conditions in the K12 system.
METHODS: Case management is an essential practice for the school nurse. Little is known about actual case management practice in real-world settings. Grounded theory methodology following a literature-based conceptual model of school nurse case management.
METHODS: A purposive maximum variation sampling was used for data collection and analysis. Semi-structured interviews conducted in-person and via conferencing software from January to March 2017 with school nurses practicing in Washington State until data saturation was achieved. A condition lasting at least 6 months was also used to define a chronic condition.
RESULTS: In all, 14 school nurses with an average of 12 years of experience were interviewed. Analysis revealed that the core strategy used by participating nurses for case management involved navigating through ambiguity; balancing multiple roles; seeking guidance and training; acknowledging imperfect functioning and navigating poor system supports.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that actual school nurse case management practice differs from best practice recommendations. Participants did not discuss health promotion or environmental management and did not act to set goals or prioritize care as suggested in the literature.
CONCLUSIONS: This article informs nursing leadership of the real-world challenges faced by nurses performing case management in the school setting. These findings indicate that improvements in system supports and training, together with tolerance for the challenges nurses face in providing such care, might improve case management practice in the schools.
目的: 为K12系统中患有慢性疾病的学龄儿童开发一个描述与校园护士病例管理相关的过程和行动的理论。 设计: 病例管理是校园护士的一项基本实践。现实中并不了解实际病例管理实践。遵循基于文献的校园护士病例管理概念模型的基础理论方法。 方法: 数据收集和分析采用了目的性的最大变异抽样。2017年一月至三月,通过会议软件对华盛顿州的校园护士实践进行了半结构化访谈,直到数据达到饱和。并将慢性疾病定义为持续至少6个月以上的疾病。 结果: 一共采访了14名平均有12年经验的校园护士。分析表明,参与病例管理的护士使用的核心策略包括避免歧义、平衡多个角色、寻求指导和训练、承认功能有所欠缺并避免系统支持不佳。 结论: 调查结果表明,真正的校园护士病例管理实践不同于最优的实践建议。受试者没有讨论促进健康或环境管理,也没有按照文献建议制定目标或确定护理的优先顺序。 影响: 本文揭示了护士进行校园病例管理时所面临的现实生活中的挑战。这些调查结果表明,改进系统支持、培训及护士提供此类护理时对挑战的容忍度可能改善校园病例管理。.

Data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in children with orofacial clefts are sparse. Therefore, studies on the impact of BMI on caries frequency in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are of importance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between BMI and frequency of dental caries in children with and without CL/P. Height, weight, and BMI in children with CL/P were also compared to controls.
This study used a cross-sectional case-control design.
One hundred and thirty-nine 5- and 10-year-old children with CL/P and 299 age-matched controls.
Caries was recorded according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Height and weight were recorded, and BMI was calculated as weight/height2.
There was no correlation between BMI and caries frequency. Weight, height, and BMI were significantly lower in all children with CL/P compared to controls. After adjustment for international adoption, only BMI was significantly lower in CL/P children compared to controls. Non-adopted children with CL/P were significantly heavier and longer than adopted children with CL/P.
Five- and 10-year-old children with corrected CL/P seemed to have a lower BMI than controls, but there was no association between BMI and caries frequency. Internationally adopted children with CL/P were lighter and shorter than non-adopted CL/P children and controls.

Associations between nutritional/dietary factors and mental disorders have been suggested. This study was conducted to assess the relation of major dietary patterns determined by factor analysis with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a group of Iranian preschool- and school-aged children.
This case-control study was conducted with 500 preschool- and school-aged children (4-12 years old) matched by age and sex, in Isfahan, Iran. Dietary intake was identified by a 168-item questionnaire, and major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. The multivariable logistic regression is used for the association of dietary patterns with the diagnosis of ADHD. ADHD diagnosis was carried out with the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
Two major dietary patterns were identified: healthy and Western. The healthy dietary pattern was rich in fruits, vegetables, vegetable oils, whole grains, legumes, and dairy products. The Western pattern was rich in processed meat, red meat, pizza, eggs, snacks, animal fat, hydrogenated fat, and salt. After controlling for potential confounders, children in the top quintile of the Western dietary pattern score had greater odds having ADHD, compared with those in the lowest quintile (odds ratio [OR] = 3.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-18.3; ptrend = 0.03). The healthy pattern was inversely associated with ADHD (OR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.38-0.91; ptrend = 0.01).
A significant independent association was found between the Western dietary pattern and the odds of ADHD. The healthy dietary pattern was associated with lower odds of having ADHD. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Parents are often the first to report children\'s sleep difficulties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of parent reports by examining the correspondence of maternal and paternal reports of children\'s sleep with in-home electroencephalography (EEG) sleep assessment and sleep diary reports.
A total of 143 children (57 formerly very preterm born children) aged 7-12 years underwent one night of in-home sleep-EEG; mothers and fathers reported children\'s sleep-related behavior by using the German version of the Children\'s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and children and parents together completed a sleep diary of children\'s sleep.
Less EEG-derived total sleep time (TST) was associated with increased mother questionnaire reports of sleep duration problems, while less sleep efficiency (SE) and longer sleep onset latency (SOL) were associated with increased mother questionnaire reports of sleep onset delay. For fathers, only longer SOL was related to increased father questionnaire reports of sleep onset delay. The abovementioned associations did not change with children\'s increasing age and did not differ for boys and girls. More parent questionnaire reports of sleep duration problems, sleep onset delay, and night wakings were related to shorter diary reports of sleep duration, increased sleep latency, and more nocturnal awakenings, respectively.
Mother questionnaire reports of children\'s sleep corresponded moderately with objective measures of TST, SE, and SOL assessed with in-home sleep-EEG. Both mother and father questionnaire reports of children\'s sleep duration problems, sleep onset delay, and night wakings were related to diary reports of children\'s sleep.

This study explored the needs of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) from an ecosystemic viewpoint as part of a theory-driven program evaluation process. A multiple case study needs assessment was conducted. Participants included ten children with DCD, their parents (n = 12), teachers (n = 9), and service providers (n = 6). Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, validated questionnaires, and a review of the children\'s records. The results support the relevance of using an ecosystemic model to assess the needs of children with DCD in their life and social contexts. More specifically, the results highlight the need to provide additional services at school, such as occupational therapy and special education, as well as information and training regarding DCD for parents and teachers. The results also point to the relevant variables to consider in an intervention program based on theory-driven evaluations. This study shows how employing an ecosystemic frame of reference provides a better understanding of the needs of children with DCD. Future research should document the ecosystemic profiles and evolution of the needs of children with DCD with a larger sample from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds using a longitudinal study design.