The landscape of uterine sarcomas is becoming more complex with the description of new entities associated with recurrent driver molecular alterations. Uterine sarcomas, in analogy with soft tissue sarcomas, are distinguished into complex genomic and simple genomic sarcomas. Leiomyosarcomas and undifferentiated uterine sarcomas belong to complex genomic sarcomas group. Low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, other rare tumors associated with fusion transcripts (such as NTRK, PDGFB, ALK, RET ROS1) and SMARCA4-deficient uterine sarcoma are considered simple genomic sarcomas. The most common uterine sarcoma are first leiomyosarcoma and secondly endometrial stromal sarcomas. Three different histological subtypes of leiomyosarcoma (fusiform, myxoid, epithelioid) are identified, myxoid and epithelioid leiomyosarcoma being more aggressive than fusiform leiomyosarcoma. The distinction between low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is primarily morphological and immunohistochemical and the detection of fusion transcripts can help the diagnosis. Uterine PEComa is a rare tumor, which is distinguished into borderline and malignant, according to a risk assessment algorithm. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix is more common in children but can also occur in adult women. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix is almost always DICER1 mutated, unlike that of the vagina which is wild-type DICER1, and adenosarcoma which can be DICER1 mutated but with less frequency. Among the emerging entities, sarcomas associated with fusion transcripts involving the NTRK, ALK, PDGFB genes benefit from targeted therapy. The integration of molecular data with histology and clinical data allows better identification of uterine sarcomas in order to better treat them.

To standardize the prevention and clinical management of lung cancer, improve patients\' survival outcomes, and offer professional insight for clinicians, the Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association has summoned experts from departments of pulmonary medicine, oncology, thoracic surgery, radiotherapy, imaging, and pathology to formulate the Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in China (2023 edition) through consensus meetings. Updates in this edition include 1) cancer screening: deletion of high-risk traits of lung cancer based on epidemiological investigations in the Caucasian population, while preserving features confirmed by research on the Chinese population. Advice on screening institutions is also added to raise awareness of the merits and demerits of lung cancer screening through detailed illustrations. 2) Principles of histopathologic evaluation: characteristics of four types of neuroendocrine tumors (typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma) are reviewed. 3) Surgical intervention: more options of resection are available for certain peripheral lesions based on several clinical studies (CALGB140503, JCOG0802, JCOG1211). 4) neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy: marked improvement in the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy are reviewed; more options for consolidation immunotherapy after radiochemotherapy have also emerged. 5) Targeted and immune therapy: tyrosine kinase inhibitors of sensitive driver mutations such as EGFR and ALK as well as rare targets such as MET exon 14 skipping, RET fusion, ROS1 fusion, and NTRK fusion have been approved, offering more treatment options for clinicians and patients. Furthermore, multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors have been granted for the treatment of NSCLC and SCLC, resulting in prolonged survival of late-stage lung cancer patients. This guideline is established based on the current availability of domestically approved medications, recommendations of international guidelines, and present clinical practice in China as well as integration of the latest medical evidence of pathology, genetic testing, immune molecular biomarker detection, and treatment methods of lung cancer in recent years, to provide recommendations for professionals in clinical oncology, radiology, laboratory, and rehabilitation.
为进一步规范中国肺癌的防治措施、提高肺癌的诊疗水平、改善患者的预后、为各级临床医务人员提供专业的循证医学建议，中华医学会肿瘤学分会组织呼吸内科、肿瘤内科、胸外科、放疗科、影像科和病理科专家，经过共识会议制定了《中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南(2023版)》。2023版更新内容包括在筛查部分删除了根据高加索人群流调所确定的肺癌高危人群特征(长期重度吸烟)，保留基于中国人群流调确认的肺癌高危人群特征，并建议筛查机构通过完整的说明及介绍使筛查人群充分了解肺癌筛查的益处和局限性。病理部分在组织标本诊断原则中增加了4种神经内分泌肿瘤(典型类癌、不典型类癌、大细胞神经内分泌癌、小细胞肺癌)的病理特点。在外科部分，根据相关临床研究的结果(CALGB140503、JCOG0802、JCOG1211)，提出了对于部分外周型病灶可有更多的术式选择。在内科部分，更新内容包括免疫新辅助使得早中期非小细胞肺癌患者的预后大幅改善。在中晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗中，放化疗后的免疫巩固有了更多的选择，晚期非小细胞肺癌常见的敏感突变基因如表皮生长因子受体突变、间变性淋巴瘤激酶融合和少见靶点如MET外显子14跳跃突变、RET融合、ROS1融合、NTRK融合等都有相应的药物相继获批，使得医师和患者有了更多的选择。此外，多个免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌和小细胞肺癌的治疗中相继获批并写入指南，使得晚期肺癌患者的生存进一步得到了提高。指南以国家批准的应用指征为原则，以国内实际可应用的药品为基础，结合国际指南推荐意见和中国临床实践现状，整合近年来肺癌筛查、诊断、病理、基因检测、免疫分子标志物检测和治疗手段以及随访等诊治方面的最新循证医学证据，旨在为各级临床医师、影像、检验、康复等专业人员提供合理的推荐建议。.

To standardize the prevention and clinical management of lung cancer, improve patients\' survival outcomes, and offer professional insight for clinicians, the Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association has summoned experts from departments of pulmonary medicine, oncology, thoracic surgery, radiotherapy, imaging, and pathology to formulate the Chinese Medical Association Guideline for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer in China (2023 edition) through consensus meetings. Updates in this edition include 1) cancer screening: deletion of high-risk traits of lung cancer based on epidemiological investigations in the Caucasian population, while preserving features confirmed by research on the Chinese population. Advice on screening institutions is also added to raise awareness of the merits and demerits of lung cancer screening through detailed illustrations. 2) Principles of histopathologic evaluation: characteristics of four types of neuroendocrine tumors (typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma) are reviewed. 3) Surgical intervention: more options of resection are available for certain peripheral lesions based on several clinical studies (CALGB140503, JCOG0802, JCOG1211). 4) neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy: marked improvement in the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy are reviewed; more options for consolidation immunotherapy after radiochemotherapy have also emerged. 5) Targeted and immune therapy: tyrosine kinase inhibitors of sensitive driver mutations such as EGFR and ALK as well as rare targets such as MET exon 14 skipping, RET fusion, ROS1 fusion, and NTRK fusion have been approved, offering more treatment options for clinicians and patients. Furthermore, multiple immune checkpoint inhibitors have been granted for the treatment of NSCLC and SCLC, resulting in prolonged survival of late-stage lung cancer patients. This guideline is established based on the current availability of domestically approved medications, recommendations of international guidelines, and present clinical practice in China as well as integration of the latest medical evidence of pathology, genetic testing, immune molecular biomarker detection, and treatment methods of lung cancer in recent years, to provide recommendations for professionals in clinical oncology, radiology, laboratory, and rehabilitation.
为进一步规范中国肺癌的防治措施、提高肺癌的诊疗水平、改善患者的预后、为各级临床医务人员提供专业的循证医学建议，中华医学会肿瘤学分会组织呼吸内科、肿瘤内科、胸外科、放疗科、影像科和病理科专家，经过共识会议制订了《中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南（2023版）》。本指南2023版更新内容包括在筛查部分删除了根据高加索人群流行病学调查所确定的肺癌高危人群特征（长期重度吸烟），保留基于中国人群流调确认的肺癌高危人群特征，并建议筛查机构通过完整的说明及介绍使筛查人群充分了解肺癌筛查的益处和局限性。病理部分在组织标本诊断原则中增加了四种神经内分泌肿瘤（典型类癌、不典型类癌、大细胞神经内分泌癌、小细胞肺癌）的病理特点。在外科部分，根据几项临床研究的结果（CALGB140503、JCOG0802、JCOG1211），提出了对于部分外周型病灶可有更多的术式选择。在内科部分，更新内容包括免疫新辅助使得早中期非小细胞肺癌患者的预后大幅改善。在中晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗中，放化疗后的免疫巩固有了更多的选择，晚期非小细胞肺癌常见的敏感突变基因如表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）突变、间变性淋巴瘤激酶（ALK）融合和少见靶点如MET外显子14跳变、RET融合、ROS1融合、NTRK融合等都有相应的药物相继获批，使得医生和患者有了更多的选择。此外，多个免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌和小细胞肺癌的治疗中相继获批并写入指南，使得晚期肺癌患者的生存进一步得到了提高。本指南以国家批准的应用指征为原则，以国内实际可应用的药品为基础，结合国际指南推荐意见和中国临床实践现状，整合近年来肺癌筛查、诊断、病理、基因检测、免疫分子标志物检测和治疗手段以及随访等诊治方面的最新循证医学证据，旨在为临床医师、影像、检验、康复等专业人员提供合理的推荐建议。.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements occur in ∼3%-6% of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Small molecular drugs that effectively inhibit ALK gene have revolutionized the therapeutic paradigm for patients with ALK rearrangements, resulting in significant improvements in objective response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival compared with classical platinum-based chemotherapy. Several ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs), including crizotinib, alectinib, ceritinib, brigatinib, ensartinib, and lorlatinib, have been recommended as standard first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC patients with ALK rearrangements. Patients with ALK rearrangements typically exhibit long-term durable responses to ALK-TKIs; therefore, the management of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with ALK-TKIs is crucial in clinical practice to maximize clinical benefits, prevent an adverse impact on quality of life, and improve patient compliance. In general, ALK-TKIs are well tolerated. There are, however, a number of serious toxicities that may necessitate dose modification or even discontinuation of treatment and the management of ADRs with ALK-TKIs has grown in importance. The therapeutic use of this class of medications still carries some risk because there are currently no pertinent guidelines or consensus recommendations for managing ADRs caused by ALK-TKIs in China. In order to improve the clinical management of ADRs with ALK-TKIs, the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Professional Committee led the discussion and summary of the incidence, diagnosis and grading standards, and prevention and treatment of ADRs caused by ALK-TKIs.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the greatest number of identified therapeutic targets, some of which have therapeutic utility. Currently, detecting EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and MET mutations, ALK, ROS1, NTRK and RET translocations, and PD-L1 expression in these patients is considered essential. The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) facilitates precise molecular diagnosis and allows the detection of other emerging mutations, such as the HER2 mutation and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy responses. In this consensus, a group of experts in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC selected by the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) have evaluated currently available information and propose a series of recommendations to optimize the detection and use of biomarkers in daily clinical practice.

The mainstay of treatment for adult patients with gliomas, glioneuronal and neuronal tumors consists of combinations of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. For many systemic cancers, targeted treatments are a part of the standard of care, however, the predictive significance of most of these targets in central nervous system (CNS) tumors remains less well-studied. Despite that, there is increasing use of advanced molecular diagnostics that identify potential targets, and tumor-agnostic regulatory approvals on targets also present in CNS tumors have been granted. This raises the question of when and for which targets it is meaningful to test in adult patients with CNS tumors. This evidence-based guideline reviews the evidence available for targeted treatment for alterations in the RAS/MAPK pathway (BRAF, NF1), in growth factor receptors (EGFR, ALK, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK), platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, and ROS1), in cell cycle signaling (CDK4/6, MDM2/4, and TSC1/2) and altered genomic stability (mismatch repair, POLE, high tumor mutational burden (TMB), homologous recombination deficiency) in adult patients with gliomas, glioneuronal and neuronal tumors. At present, targeted treatment for BRAF p.V600E alterations is to be considered part of the standard of care for patients with recurrent gliomas, pending regulatory approval. For approved tumor agnostic treatments for NTRK fusions and high TMB, the evidence for efficacy in adult patients with CNS tumors is very limited, and treatment should preferably be given within prospective clinical registries and trials. For targeted treatment of CNS tumors with FGFR fusions or mutations, clinical trials are ongoing to confirm modest activity so far observed in basket trials. For all other reviewed targets, evidence of benefit in CNS tumors is currently lacking, and testing/treatment should be in the context of available clinical trials.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the greatest number of identified therapeutic targets, some of which have therapeutic utility. Currently, detecting EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and MET mutations, ALK, ROS1, NTRK and RET translocations, and PD-L1 expression in these patients is considered essential. The use of next-generation sequencing facilitates precise molecular diagnosis and allows the detection of other emerging mutations, such as the HER2 mutation and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy responses. In this consensus, a group of experts in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC selected by the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology have evaluated currently available information and propose a series of recommendations to optimize the detection and use of biomarkers in daily clinical practice.

Most published guidelines for genomic biomarker testing in NSCLC reflect the disease epidemiology and treatments readily available in Europe and North America. Nevertheless, 60% of annual global NSCLC cases occur in Asia, where patient characteristics, tumor molecular profiles, and treatments vary greatly from the Western world. For example, mutations in the EGFR occur at a higher prevalence in Asia than in other world regions. Although medical associations such as the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, European Society for Medical Oncology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology have described principles for tumor genomic biomarker testing in NSCLC, there is a need for recommendations specific for Asia.
This report provides consensus recommendations for NSCLC biomarker testing from Asian lung cancer experts for clinicians working in Asia to improve patient care. Biomarker testing approaches for actionable genetic alterations in EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and others are discussed.
These recommendations are divided into nonmetastatic and metastatic forms of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Owing to the higher prevalence of EGFR mutations in Asia, the experts emphasized the need for EGFR testing to include not just common mutations (exon 19 deletions and L858R substitutions) but also other uncommon EGFR mutations. In addition to the assessment of biomarkers in the tumor tissue, the role of assessing tumor biomarkers by liquid biopsy is discussed.
This consensus provides practical recommendations for biomarker testing in nonmetastatic and metastatic Asian NSCLC patients.

The landscape of uterine sarcomas is becoming increasingly complex with the description of new entities associated with recurrent molecular alterations. Uterine sarcomas, as well as soft tissue sarcomas, can be distinguished into complex genomic sarcomas and simple genomic sarcomas. Leiomyosarcoma and pleomorphic type undifferentiated uterine sarcoma belong to the first group. Low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, NTRK, COL1A1::PDGFB, ALK, RET, ROS1 associated sarcomas, and SMARCA4 deficient uterine sarcoma belong to the second group. Leiomyosarcoma is the most common uterine sarcoma followed by endometrial stromal sarcomas. Three different histologic subtypes of leiomyosarcomas are recognized with distinct diagnostic criteria and different clinical outcomes, the myxoid and epithelioid leiomyosarcomas being even more aggressive than the fusiform type. The distinction between low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is based first on morphology and immunohistochemistry. The detection of fusion transcripts helps in the diagnosis. Definitely recognized as a separate entity, uterine PEComa is a rare tumor whose diagnostic criteria are being recently defined. Uterine PEComa has a specific algorithm stratifying the tumors into uncertain malignant potential and malignant tumors. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the uterine cervix are not restricted to children but can also be observed in adult women and are almost always DICER1 mutated, unlike embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina which are DICER1wild-type, and adenosarcoma which can be DICER1 mutated but with less frequency. As sarcomas associated with fusion transcripts involving the NTRK, ALK, COL1A1::PDGFB genes can benefit from targeted therapy, systematic detection are now relevant especially for patients with high risk of relapse or in recurrent setting. The integration of molecular data with dedicated expert pathology review for histology and clinical data allows better identification of uterine sarcomas in order to better treat them.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusions represent the second most common oncogenic driver mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As the new class of 3rd generation of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), lorlatinib has shown robust potency and brain-penetrant clinical activity against a wide spectrum of multiple resistance mutations within the ALK domain detected during crizotinib and 2nd generation ALK TKI treatment. Lorlatinib is generally well-tolerated with unique adverse drug reaction/adverse event, including hyperlipidemia and central nervous system effects, which are mostly mild to moderate severity and manageable through dosage modifications and/or standard medical intervention. For advanced NSCLC with ALK positivity, patients should be evaluated for baseline characteristics and pre-existing medication, informed of the potential toxicities, and periodically monitored to balance benefits and risks. Moreover, a multidisciplinary group of experts is essential to establish a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.
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【中文题目：洛拉替尼特殊不良反应管理中国专家共识】 【中文摘要：间变性淋巴瘤激酶（anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK）融合基因是非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）中第二常见的肿瘤驱动基因。作为新型的第三代ALK酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI），洛拉替尼对多种ALK激酶域突变具有广谱且高效的临床活性，并具有强大的穿透血脑屏障效力。洛拉替尼的总体耐受性良好，其独特的不良反应或不良事件包括高脂血症与中枢神经系统反应等，多为轻至中度，通常经剂量调整和/或标准医疗干预即可管理。对于ALK阳性晚期NSCLC，开始洛拉替尼治疗前应充分评估患者基线特征与既往用药状况，预先告知患者可能经历的用药相关不良反应，并定期监测以实现药物临床获益的最大化。同时，多学科专家团队对于建立全面的诊断和治疗策略是至关重要的。
】 【中文关键词：间变性淋巴瘤激酶；肺肿瘤；洛拉替尼；不良反应】.