软组织肉瘤(STSs)代表由间充质细胞产生的不同组的肿瘤,影响人类和动物,包括狗。虽然STSs代表了一类罕见的肿瘤,尤其是在人类中,由于其局部复发和远处转移的可能性,它们构成了重大的临床挑战.狗,作为人类STS的模型,提供了几个优点,包括暴露于类似的环境风险因素,品种间的遗传多样性,和肿瘤的自发发展。此外,犬肿瘤紧密地模仿人类肿瘤的异质性和复杂性,使它们对疾病进展和治疗效果的研究有价值。目前在狗和人类中STS的治疗方法主要涉及手术。放射治疗,和化疗,根据肿瘤特征和患者因素做出治疗决定。然而,开发新的治疗策略至关重要,鉴于新药在临床试验中的高失败率。为了更好地设计新的定制治疗方法,了解肿瘤微环境(TME)是基础,因为它通过调节肿瘤行为在STS的启动和进展中起着至关重要的作用,促进血管生成,抑制免疫反应。值得注意的是,TME特征包括癌症相关成纤维细胞(CAF),细胞外基质(ECM)改变,和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs),取决于它们的极化状态,会影响免疫反应,从而影响患者的预后。在这次审查中,基于免疫疗法的新的治疗方法将被深入研究,作为患有STSs的狗和人的潜在治疗选择。总之,这篇综述概述了目前对狗和人类STS的理解,强调TME和潜在治疗策略的重要性。
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) represent a diverse group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells, affecting both humans and animals, including dogs. Although STSs represent a class of rare tumors, especially in humans, they pose significant clinical challenges due to their potential for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Dogs, as a model for human STSs, offer several advantages, including exposure to similar environmental risk factors, genetic diversity among breeds, and the spontaneous development of tumors. Furthermore, canine tumors closely mimic the heterogeneity and complexity of human tumors, making them valuable for research into disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Current treatment approaches for STSs in both dogs and humans primarily involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with treatment decisions based on tumor characteristics and patient factors. However, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is essential, given the high failure rate of new drugs in clinical trials. To better design new tailored treatments, comprehension of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is fundamental, since it plays a crucial role in STS initiation and progression by modulating tumor behavior, promoting angiogenesis, and suppressing immune responses. Notably, TME features include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations, and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that, depending on their polarization state, can affect immune responses and thus the patient\'s prognosis. In this
review, new therapeutical approaches based on immunotherapy will be deeply explored as potential treatment options for both dogs and humans with STSs. In conclusion, this
review provides an overview of the current understanding of STSs in dogs and humans, emphasizing the importance of the TME and potential treatment strategies.