背景：基于4DFlowMRI的粒子追踪已作为定量和定性后处理技术应用于研究随时间演变的血流模式。
目的：系统回顾基于4DFlowMRI的颗粒示踪的各种方法，以及临床价值，临床应用，以及该技术的当前发展。
方法：研究类型为系统评价。
方法：患有心血管疾病的患者（例如Marfan，丰坦,法乐四联症)，健康的控制,和接受带有粒子追踪的4DFlowMRI的心血管体模。
未经评估：三维三维三维电影相位对比MRI，在1.5T和3T。
结果：使用布尔运算符和涵盖4DFlowMRI和粒子追踪的相关关键术语在PubMed数据库上进行了两次系统搜索。一个系统的搜索集中在粒子追踪方法上，而另一个在应用程序上。在进行类似检查后，从其他来源寻找并纳入了其他文章。粒子跟踪方法，临床应用，临床价值，并提取了当前的发展。
方法：总结了纳入研究的主要结果，没有额外的统计分析。
结果：在从初始搜索中检索到的127篇独特文章中，包括56个(28个用于方法，54个用于应用)。大多数描述粒子跟踪方法的文章都使用自适应时间步长，四阶龙格-库塔积分法，和时间维度中的线性插值。在心室中应用了粒子追踪，主动脉,腔静脉,丰坦循环，肺动脉,腹部脉管系统，外周动脉,颈动脉,和脑血管系统。应用被分组为血管内，心内,流动停滞，和研究。
结论：基于4DFlowMRI的粒子追踪为几种心血管疾病的血流提供了独特的见解，但是质量在很大程度上取决于MRI数据质量。需要进一步的研究来评估该技术对不同心血管疾病的临床价值。
方法：5.
未经评估：第一阶段。
Particle tracing based on 4D Flow MRI has been applied as a quantitative and qualitative
postprocessing technique to study temporally evolving blood flow patterns.
To systematically
review the various methods to perform 4D Flow MRI-based particle tracing, as well as the clinical value, clinical applications, and current developments of the technique.
The study type is systematic
review.
Patients with cardiovascular disease (such as Marfan, Fontan, Tetralogy of Fallot), healthy controls, and cardiovascular phantoms that received 4D Flow MRI with particle tracing.
Three-dimensional three-directional cine phase-contrast MRI, at 1.5 T and 3 T.
Two systematic searches were performed on the PubMed database using Boolean operators and the relevant key terms covering 4D Flow MRI and particle tracing. One systematic search was focused on particle tracing methods, whereas the other on applications. Additional articles from other sources were sought out and included after a similar inspection. Particle tracing methods, clinical applications, clinical value, and current developments were extracted.
The main results of the included studies are summarized, without additional statistical analysis.
Of 127 unique articles retrieved from the initial search, 56 were included (28 for methods and 54 for applications). Most articles that described particle tracing methods used an adaptive timestep, a fourth order Runge-Kutta integration method, and linear interpolation in the time dimension. Particle tracing was applied in heart chambers, aorta, venae cavae, Fontan circulation, pulmonary arteries, abdominal vasculature, peripheral arteries, carotid arteries, and cerebral vasculature. Applications were grouped as intravascular, intracardiac, flow stasis, and research.
Particle tracing based on 4D Flow MRI gives unique insight into blood flow in several cardiovascular diseases, but the quality depends heavily on the MRI data quality. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical value of the technique for different cardiovascular diseases.
5.
Stage 1.
