The incidence of perioperative adverse events in children aged 0 to 15 years was 5.2%. Preoperative scientific and accurate anesthesia assessment is a crucial step in ensuring the safety of pediatric surgery. Perioperative risk prediction is a digital quantitative evaluation of the level of perioperative risk, which classifies the degree of danger. In order to further standardize the methods of anesthesia assessment and identify risk factors, Chinese Society of Anesthesiology organized experts in anesthesiology from children\'s specialty hospitals and general hospitals, along with statisticians from public health colleges, to jointly draft the \"Chinese expert consensus on pediatric anesthesia assessment and perioperative risk prediction (2024 edition)\".The anesthesia assessment includes history collection, physical examination, laboratory examination, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, difficult airway assessment, and identification and assessment of critically sick children. Perioperative risk prediction includes preoperative anxiety, perioperative respiratory adverse events, regurgitation and aspiration, emergence delirium, postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative ICU admission, postoperative acute kidney injury, perioperative mortality, and risk prediction for in-hospital mortality in children with congenital heart disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery.This consensus has formulated a total of 16 recommendations, aiming to promote anesthesiologists\' familiarity with the content of pediatric anesthesia assessment, identify risk factors for adverse events during the perioperative period, and take targeted measures to reduce the occurrence of adverse events and improve the safety of children during the perioperative period.
0~15岁儿童围手术期不良事件的发生率为5.2%，术前科学准确的麻醉评估是保障患儿手术安全的重要环节，围手术期风险预测是以数字量化评价围手术期风险水平，对危险程度进行分层。为进一步规范儿童麻醉评估方法，识别危险因素，中华医学会麻醉学分会组织了儿童专科医院、综合性医院的麻醉学专家和公共卫生学院的统计学专家共同撰写了《儿童麻醉评估与围手术期风险预测中国专家共识（2024版）》。其中麻醉评估包括病史采集、体格检查、实验室检查、美国麻醉医师协会全身状况分级、困难气道评估、危重症患儿识别与评估等，围手术期风险预测包括术前焦虑、围手术期呼吸不良事件、反流误吸、苏醒期谵妄、术后恶心呕吐、术后转入儿童重症监护病房、术后急性肾损伤、围手术期死亡、非心脏手术先天性心脏病患儿院内死亡风险预测。本共识共形成16条推荐意见，旨在推动麻醉医师熟悉儿童麻醉评估的内容，识别围手术期不良事件的危险因素，并采取针对性措施降低不良事件的发生，提高患儿围手术期安全。.

To assess the knowledge of nursing staff regarding pediatric preoperative fasting in a tertiary pediatric center and a general hospital.
Anonymous electronic survey with nine questions modified to each institution.
This was a prospective quantitative study. Nursing staff at a tertiary pediatric center and pediatric nursing staff at a general hospital with pediatric services were eligible for participation. An anonymous electronic survey with nine questions via Survey Monkey was used over a 2-month period.
There were 295 participants from the tertiary pediatric center and 24 from the general hospital which represented 10% of overall nursing staff at the tertiary pediatric center and approximately 50% of pediatric nursing staff at the general hospital. At both the tertiary pediatric center and the general hospital, 50 to 80% of participants correctly answered most questions. More participants were correct for the fasting times for infants less than 6 month of age than for those over 6 months old. For clear fluids, 61 (20.7%) and 13 (4.4%) considered jelly and breast milk as clear fluids respectively at the tertiary pediatric center.
Preoperative fasting continues to be a core area of pediatric care that is not completely understood. Our survey showed that although the majority of staff claim to be able to access the hospital guidelines, knowledge of these guidelines can be improved. In light of ongoing changing evidence, it is clear that education is a key factor in reducing morbidity and improving patient experience related to preoperative fasting.

This article describes the methodology used for the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference.
This is a novel Consensus Conference of national experts in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery and Anesthesia, who will follow standards set by the Institute of Medicine and using the Research and Development/University of California, Los Angeles appropriateness method, modeled after the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative. Topics related to pediatric craniofacial anesthesia for open cranial vault surgery were divided into twelve subgroups with a systematic review of the literature.
A group of 20 content experts met virtually between 2019 and 2020 and will collaborate in their selected topics related to perioperative management for pediatric open cranial vault surgery for craniosynostosis. These groups will also identify where future research is needed.
Experts in pediatric craniofacial surgery and anesthesiology are developing recommendations on behalf of the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group for perioperative management of patients undergoing open cranial vault surgery for craniosynostosis and identifying future research priorities.

BACKGROUND: Most airway problems in children are identified in advance; however, unanticipated difficulties can arise and may result in serious complications. Training for these sporadic events can be difficult. We identified the need for a structured guideline to improve clinical decision making in the acute situation and also to provide a guide for teaching.
OBJECTIVE: Guidelines for airway management in adults are widely used; however, none have been previously devised for national use in children. We aimed to develop guidelines for the management of the unanticipated difficult pediatric airway for use by anesthetists working in the nonspecialist pediatric setting.
METHODS: We reviewed available guidelines used in individual hospitals. We also reviewed research into airway management in children and graded papers for the level of evidence according to agreed criteria. A Delphi panel comprising 27 independent consultant anesthetists considered the steps of the acute airway management guidelines to reach consensus on the best interventions to use and the order in which to use them. If following the literature review and Delphi feedback, there was insufficient evidence or lack of consensus, regarding inclusion of a particular point; this was reviewed by a Second Specialist Group comprising 10 pediatric anesthetists.
RESULTS: Using the Delphi group\'s deliberations and feedback from the Second Specialist Group, we developed three guidelines for the acute airway management of children aged 1-8 years.
CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides the background, available evidence base, and justification for each step in the resultant guidelines and gives a rationale for their use.