青春期异常子宫出血（AUB）以排卵功能障碍所致AUB（AUB-O）及凝血相关疾病所致AUB（AUB-C）最为常见。青春期AUB的出血模式主要为不规则出血、经期延长、月经过多（HMB）、经间期出血及无月经。本共识强调通过详细的病史询问、体格检查和辅助检查对AUB病因进行鉴别诊断。对于出现急性HMB的青春期女性进行评估时，应及时、准确判断出血严重程度及生命体征，并进行分级处理，评估应包括失血导致的贫血程度、血清铁蛋白水平、是否存在内分泌紊乱及凝血功能异常。对于急性HMB的青春期女性首要治疗方法包括短效口服避孕药及孕激素为主的药物紧急止血，但对于足量、规范用药治疗失败的部分难治性AUB患者，可以予手术治疗或子宫内膜病理评估。鉴于青春期AUB-O患者很难在短期内建立规律的月经周期、AUB-C患者长期存在HMB，均需要在急性期止血后维持用药以长期管理月经，避免异常出血的反复发作，并注意随访和监测。本共识还在附录中针对出血性疾病、青春期多囊卵巢综合征和下丘脑功能障碍进行了有针对性的简要论述。.

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(1) Objectives: This paper presents a scoping review of global evidence relating to interventions (i.e., policies, practices, guidelines, and legislation) aimed at supporting women to manage menstruation, menstrual disorders, and menopause at work. (2) Methods: Databases including Medline (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco), Scopus, Web of Science, APA PsychInfo (Ebsco), Humanities International Complete (Ebsco), Academic Search Premier (Ebsco), HeinOnline and OSH Update, and Google Scholar were searched in May 2022. (3) Results: Of 1181 unique articles screened, 66 articles are included. Less half of the articles (42%, 28/66) presented/reviewed an intervention related to women\'s workplace health. A total of 55 out of the 66 articles are set across 13 countries with the remaining 12 articles described as multi-country studies or reviews. Half of the articles presenting/reviewing an intervention were grey literature, with several undertaken in UK and EU member countries. Interventions focusing on supporting women with menopause at work were the most common (43%, 12/28), followed by menstruation (25%, 7/28) and menstrual disorders (7%, 2/28). Across the reviewed articles, recommendations were categorised as adjustments to the physical work environment, information and training needs, and policy and processes. Few articles explicitly presented or affirmed a design-process and/or evaluation tied to their intervention. In lieu of design-process, this review categorises the rationales driving the development of an intervention as: pronatalist, economic rationalism, gendered occupational health concern, cultural shift towards gender equity objectives, and efforts to reduced shame and stigma. (4) Conclusions: There is a growing body of evidence aimed at understanding women\'s experiences of managing their menstrual and reproductive health in the workplace and how this impacts their work/career trajectories. However, little research is explicitly concerned with exploring or understanding interventions, including their design or evaluation. Most articles report menopause guidelines and are typically confined to the UK and EU-member countries. Despite the prevalence of menstrual disorders (e.g., endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)) there is limited literature focused on how women might be supported to manage symptoms associated with these conditions at work. Accordingly, future policies should consider how women can be better supported to manage menstruation and menstrual disorders at work and recognise the importance of co-design during policy development and post-intervention evaluation. Further research needs to be undertaken on the impact of workplace policies on both employers and employees.

Endometriosis should be diagnosed as early as possible in the continuum of care; but substantial delays of approximately 6-8 years between symptom onset and endometriosis diagnosis have been widely reported. With the purpose of improving the prompt diagnosis of endometriosis, the Asia-Pacific Endometriosis Expert Panel (APEX) sought to address the reasons for diagnostic delays across the region, and formulate a multi-pronged approach to overcoming these challenges. In the first instance, clinical diagnosis is preferable to surgical diagnosis, in order to facilitate earlier empirical treatment and minimize the negative sequelae of undiagnosed/untreated disease. There should be a high clinical index of suspicion in women presenting with cyclical symptoms, including those involving extrapelvic organs. Diagnostic delays in Asia-Pacific countries are attributable to a variety of patient, physician, and healthcare factors, including poor awareness, normalization/trivialization of pain, individual/cultural attitudes toward menstruation, default use of symptom-suppressing treatments, misdiagnosis, and a lack of diagnostic resourcing or adequate referral pathways in some areas. Suggested initiatives to reduce diagnostic delays are geared toward improving public awareness, improving clinical diagnostic skills, streamlining multidisciplinary care pathways for timely referral, updating and implementing diagnostic guidelines, lobbying policymakers and insurance companies for endometriosis support, and increasing efforts to bridge data gaps and perform further research in this field. Formulating specific action plans and gathering traction are the responsibility of individual countries within local parameters. The APEX group advocates for any initiatives and policies that support the unmet needs of women with endometriosis, to improve patient experience and outcomes.

The purpose of this document is to review currently available management options, general principles, and counseling approaches for reproductive-aged patients requesting menstrual suppression. It includes considerations for unique populations, including adolescents, patients with physical or cognitive disabilities or both, and those with limited access to health care. Gynecologists should be familiar with the use of hormonal therapy for menstrual suppression (including combined oral contraceptive pills, combined hormonal patches, vaginal rings, progestin-only pills, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, and the etonogestrel implant). Approaches to counseling should be individualized based on patient preferences and goals, average treatment effectiveness, and contraindications or risk factors for adverse events. Counseling regarding the choice of hormonal medication for menstrual suppression should be approached with the utmost respect for patient autonomy and be free of coercion. Complete amenorrhea may be difficult to achieve; thus, obstetrician-gynecologists and other clinicians should counsel patients and caregivers, if applicable, about realistic expectations.

A dearth of research exists examining provider adherence to preventative health care guidelines at adolescent well-care visits. We examined adherence in 3 domains: documentation of sexual activity, documentation of menstrual characteristics, and administration of the human papillomavirus vaccine. We identified electronic health records of a random sample of 124 adolescent girls seen within the hospital-affiliated pediatric primary care clinics from July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2015. Approximately one quarter of the records examined had no documentation of sexual activity. Documentation occurred more frequently in English speakers (P = .003). Asian girls had the least documentation of sexual activity (P = .003). Clinicians documented menses characteristics in only 27% of adolescent girls with no documentation noted for Asian adolescents. Over 40% of eligible adolescents did not receive the human papillomavirus vaccine. Only 19.4% of adolescents received all the 3 recommended services. This study demonstrates that adolescent girls are not receiving recommended assessments or care to protect their reproductive health.

Fasting during Ramadan, the holy month of Islam, is mandatory for all healthy adult Muslims. It is estimated that there are 1.1-1.5 billion Muslims worldwide, comprising 18-25% of the world population. About 62% of the world\'s Muslim population resides in Asia. Women comprise approximately 50% of this population. There is great religious fervor and enthusiasm in the majority of Muslims the world over for observing the religious fasting. Many of the Muslim women perhaps due to the family and societal pressures or lack of proper information hesitate and fail to avail themselves of the generous provisions of temporary or permanent exemptions from fasting available in Islam. It is therefore important that medical professionals as well as the general population be aware of potential risks that may be associated with fasting during Ramadan. This familiarity and knowledge is as important in South Asia and the Middle East as it is in Europe, North America, New Zealand, and Australia. There has not yet been any statement of consensus regarding women\'s health issues during Ramadan, namely menstruation, sexual obligations of married life, pregnancy, and lactation. This document aims to put forward some of the general guidelines for these issues especially for the South Asian Muslim women.

BACKGROUND: There are a limited number of publications on the management of gynecologic/obstetric events in female patients with hereditary angioedema caused by C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE-C1-INH).
OBJECTIVE: We sought to elaborate guidelines for optimizing the management of gynecologic/obstetric events in female patients with HAE-C1-INH.
METHODS: A roundtable discussion took place at the 6th C1 Inhibitor Deficiency Workshop (May 2009, Budapest, Hungary). A review of related literature in English was performed.
RESULTS: Contraception: Estrogens should be avoided. Barrier methods, intrauterine devices, and progestins can be used. Pregnancy: Attenuated androgens are contraindicated and should be discontinued before attempting conception. Plasma-derived human C1 inhibitor concentrate (pdhC1INH) is preferred for acute treatment, short-term prophylaxis, or long-term prophylaxis. Tranexamic acid or virally inactivated fresh frozen plasma can be used for long-term prophylaxis if human plasma-derived C1-INH is not available. No safety data are available on icatibant, ecallantide, or recombinant human C1-INH (rhC1INH). Parturition: Complications during vaginal delivery are rare. Prophylaxis before labor and delivery might not be clinically indicated, but pdhC1INH therapeutic doses (20 U/kg) should be available. Nevertheless, each case should be treated based on HAE-C1-INH symptoms during pregnancy and previous labors. pdhC1INH prophylaxis is advised before forceps or vacuum extraction or cesarean section. Regional anesthesia is preferred to endotracheal intubation. Breast cancer: Attenuated androgens should be avoided. Antiestrogens can worsen angioedema symptoms. In these cases anastrozole might be an alternative. Other issues addressed include special features of HAE-C1-INH treatment in female patients, genetic counseling, infertility, abortion, lactation, menopause treatment, and endometrial cancer.
CONCLUSIONS: A consensus for the management of female patients with HAE-C1-INH is presented.

To establish guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With Delphimethod, sent to the second survey questionnaires to 40 gynecology experts in TCM and integrated traditional and western medicine and recovery 35 experts, and the questionnaires were analyzed with SPSS11. 5. The experts\' activity and professional level is high. The experts are from all over China and express the typical opinions of all experts in this field. The items in the frame of the guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in traditional Chinese medicine are generally recognized. First draft of the guidelines has basically been formed.

To establish guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). With delphi method, survey questionnaires were sent to 40 gynecology experts in TCM and integrated traditional and western medicine, and recovery 35 experts were recoveried which, were analyzed by SPSS 11.5. The experts\' activity and professional level was high. The expert\'s are from all over China and express the typical opinions of all experts in this field. The items in the frame of the guidelines to diagnosis and treatment for distending pain in breasts during menstruation in TCM are generally recognized, but different opinions from the card type, governance, in areas such as prescription standard also exist.