Schwannoma is a nerve sheath tumour arising from differentiated Schwann cells, and melanocytic schwannoma (MS) is a rare variant where the Schwan cells produce melanin pigment. MS is typically associated with spinal nerve roots and there have been only ~20 reports of cutaneous or subcutaneous MS to-date in humans. In canines, there have only been two reports of MS, both associated with spinal root nerves. In this report, we describe a 7-year-old Weimaraner cross breed dog that presented with two pigmented lesions on the eyelids. The lesions were surgically removed and histological analysis revealed well-circumscribed, non-encapsulated, expansile, neoplasms that were displacing most of the dermis and adnexa. The first lesion was composed of spindloid cells arranged in short interlacing streams with large amounts of pale eosinophilic cytoplasm that sometimes contained fine melanin granules. In areas there were spindle cells arranged in verocay bodies which led to a diagnosis of MS. In contrast, the second lesion was composed of polygonal cells arranged in thick sheets with large amounts of pale eosinophilic cytoplasm that sometimes contained fine melanin granules. The diagnosis was melanocytoma (which is one of the macroscopic differential diagnoses for MS). Whilst melanocytoma is a commonly occurring cutaneous lesion in canines and surgical removal is considered curative, due to little being known about MS in dogs, the outcome remained guarded, as MS in humans has an unpredictable nature, and recurrence and metastasis have been reported.

The gingiva\'s colour varies in different individuals and is assumed to be related to cutaneous pigmentation. The most frequent natural pigment causing endogenous gingival pigmentation is melanin, a brown pigment. Depigmentation is a therapy of choice when individuals are concerned about their appearance and demand it for their aesthetic satisfaction. It is not a clinical indication. This article demonstrates gingival depigmentation using a laser diode with a 90-day follow‑up. A 23-year-old male patient visited the Periodontology Department, complaining of poor aesthetics owing to dark-coloured gums. Depigmentation with a laser diode was selected as the treatment plan for both the maxillary and mandibular arches, at an interval of a week. The choice of a procedure is largely influenced by the gingival thickness, the clinician\'s experience, the patient\'s preferences, and the rate of recurrence. According to reports, using lasers produces better aesthetic outcomes and has a low recurrence rate.

UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study is three-fold. Firstly, to evaluate an enhanced vitamin C serum (eVCS) and its\' combination with a retinol-bakuchiol serum (RBS) on pigmentation in vitro. Secondly, to evaluate the effect of the eVCS on skin function ex vivo. Lastly, to evaluate eVCS and RSB in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation and overall photodamage across a range of opposing environments.
UNASSIGNED: MelanoDerm™ tissues were topically treated with the eVCS, and a eVCS and RSB blend for 14 days, and then a melanin assay was performed. Surgical waste facial skin explants were incubated with the eVCS or control for five days and then fixed and stained for skin physiology and structure. A 12-week, IRB approved, study on female subjects (n=29, aged 35 to 65) with moderate global facial hyperpigmentation and overall photodamage was completed. Clinical assessment, tolerability measurements, and subject-assessments were performed baseline at Weeks 6, 8, and 12. Investigator Global Aesthetic Improvement Score was completed at Week 12.
UNASSIGNED: The eVCS-treated facial skin explants achieved a significant 145 percent collagen increase compared to control. The eVCS-RSB combination proved synergistic in reducing melanin compared to the eVCS alone. The eVCS-RSB combination demonstrated significant clinical improvement at all timepoints and was well tolerated. Subject responses were favorable and GAIS score of 3.0 was achieved at Week 12, indicating an improvement.
UNASSIGNED: Limitations include lack of placebo or vehicle control.
UNASSIGNED: The product pairing, eVCS and RSB, offers patients an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment to target pigmentation and photodamage.
UNASSIGNED: This study, Pro00050557, was approved by Advarra IRB (Columbia, Maryland) and submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov #: NCT05423873.

Melanosis of the urinary bladder, so-called melanosis vesicae, is a rare condition characterized by dark, velvety bladder mucosa observed by cystoscopy examination. Up to 20 examples have been reported in the English literature, and the etiology of this disease still needs to be discovered. We present an 82-year-old woman with a history of pelvic organ prolapse-associated urinary symptoms. The patient was found to have pigmented urinary bladder mucosa on cystoscopy and underwent a total hysterectomy and bladder mucosal biopsy. Histologically, pigmented granules were evident in the bladder stroma and epithelium, highlighted by Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain, suggestive of lipofuscin in nature. We outline the diagnostic features of bladder melanosis, discuss the diagnostic mimickers, and thoroughly review the literature on the subject.

Gingival hyperpigmentation is a hereditary feature in populations. Gingival pigmentation not only affects aesthetics but also has a negative psychological effect. For many people, gingival hyperpigmentation is a severe cosmetic problem. Although black gums are not a medical issue, many individuals find them unsightly. The pigmentation of gingiva contributes to the harmony of the smile in a significant way. A periodontal plastic surgery procedure called gingival depigmentation eliminates or reduces hyperpigmentation. Different treatment approaches for gingival depigmentation have been documented, such as scalpel, electrosurgery, diamond burs, chemical methods, cryosurgery, and lasers. According to studies, cryosurgery and lasers are the best procedures since they provide better aesthetic outcomes and low recurrence rates. The coordination of treatment plans and the choice technique are influenced by the patient\'s skin tone, the degree of gingival pigmentation, the lip line, the upper lip curvature, aesthetic concern, and treatment expectations. This case report, which involves a 23-year-old female patient, provides a comparison between the efficacy of scalpel and laser procedures for treating gingival hyperpigmentation. The patient\'s left side received diode laser treatment, while the right received scalpel treatment. Scalpel depigmentation caused the treated area to recover without incident. The benefits of laser depigmentation include a bloodless surgical field and recovery without complications. No postoperative pain, bleeding, infection, or scars were seen on the first and consequent visits. The recovery went smoothly. The patient was satisfied with the treatment modality, and the outcomes were outstanding, according to the patient. There was no re-pigmentation throughout the follow-up period. This split-mouth study will provide information regarding soft tissue healing using two different approaches in the same patient.

Sinonasal malignant melanoma (SMM) is a rare malignant tumour among head and neck cancers predominantly found in adults 60 years and above. The commonly reported symptoms for sinonasal tumour lesions are nasal obstruction and recurrent, painless epistaxis as the symptoms are non-specific and can delay the diagnosis. Moreover, melanoma has a poor prognosis regardless of its location. We report an 86-year-old female patient presenting with recurrent, painless epistaxis from the nasal cavity. Anterior rhinoscopic examination revealed a bluish-black, bleeding mass completely obstructing the left nasal nare. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the nasal cavity and sinus region showed a polypoidal soft tissue attenuation with heterogeneous enhancement completely filling the left nasal cavity. The patient underwent endoscopic excision. Histopathology of the specimen showed a small, round and blue cell tumour which immunohistochemistry found to be positive for S100 and HMB 45. After surgical resection, the patient received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Sinonasal malignant melanoma is a rare, aggressive tumour that has a very poor prognosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is the imaging modality of choice which reveals the enhancing mass. There is no optimal management strategy for SMM. Surgical resection is the first-line treatment but is limited due to the complex anatomy of the sinonasal region.

Pseudomelanosis (PM) is a rare, benign, condition that is characterized by deposition of melanin and/or melanin-like pigment in mucosal cells and macrophages and is best known as the entity pseudomelanosis coli. Pseudomelanosis primary of the urinary bladder has been reported only in a handful of cases worldwide. This article reports an extremely rare case of pseudomelanosis of the urinary bladder in a 79-year-old male with a history of macroscopic painless hematuria.

OBJECTIVE: Vitiligo is a skin disorder in which the melanocytes are destroyed. Melanocytes can be destroyed anywhere in the body, compromising the function of the organs where they are found. Melanocytes in the epidermis and the uveal tract share a common embryological origin in addition to physiological and morphological similarities. Our aim was to detect ocular changes in non-segmental vitiligo patients.
METHODS: This study included 40 non-segmental vitiligo patients and 40 healthy volunteers as a control. Visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination and optical coherence tomography were performed on all patients as well as controls.
RESULTS: Patients with non-segmental vitiligo had a considerably greater incidence of ocular alterations than controls, although there was no significant difference in visual acuity.
CONCLUSIONS: Vitiligo is a systemic condition that can affect the activity of melanocytes in organs besides the skin. The depigmentation process can influence ocular melanocytes. Ocular problems may be closely connected to vitiligo. Because ocular melanocytes aren\'t involved in the detection or transmission of visual pathway, there is no vision impairment.

The deposition of colored endogenous or exogenous substances in the tissues of the tongue may result in pigmented lesions of the lingual mucosa. The accurate identification of the underlying condition can be difficult to achieve and relies mainly on patient history and clinical and histological evaluation. We present the case of a 30-year-old male referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of extensive pigmentation of the lingual dorsum. A diagnosis of physiologic pigmentation based on clinical and histological findings was made. Since some life-threatening diseases may present solely as pigmented lesions of the tongue, an early diagnosis is of utmost importance.

Populations with a relatively low concentration of melanin, e.g., inhabitants of Europe, North America, and Australia, are the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of UV radiation. Individuals with fair phototype are at greatest risk of developing skin cancer. Several neurological studies present that light skin may modify the risk of Alzheimer\'s and Parkinson\'s diseases. However, the relationship between migraine and skin pigmentation has not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to provide evidence of the relationship between skin pigmentation and migraine prevalence in adults. We examined a group of 148 adults (33 men, 115 women) with migraine and a control group of 107 adults (43 men, 64 women). Parameters of skin pigmentation (melanin index, erythema index, CIElab, and RGB scales) were measured using a DSM II Cortex Technology dermospectrophotometer. Risk of migraine in lightly pigmented adults was elevated. Individuals with a low melanin index had over 3-fold increased risk of migraine (women: OR 3.53, men: OR 3.73). Fair phototype, which results from lightly pigmented skin, was associated with migraine prevalence. Migraineurs should take extra care to protect their skin from the negative effects of solar radiation.