金属和准金属(以下称,植物性食物中的金属(类))是人类接触的来源,但并非所有的金属(类)-食物相互作用都是相同的。金属(类)在土壤中的行为以及如何被植物吸收并存储在可食用植物组织/食物中方面存在差异。因此,不可能有一个一致的解决方案来减少食物中有毒金属(loid)暴露于人类。此外,金属是如何被吸收的,分布式,代谢,和人体排泄的不同,基于这两种金属(loid),食物中的其他元素和营养素,以及人类的营养状况。诸如美国食品和药物管理局的“接近零”倡议,旨在减少幼儿接触有毒元素镉,铅,砷,食品中的汞需要仔细考虑每种金属(类)和植物的相互作用。本文以菠菜以及金属镉和铅为例,探讨了这种植物-金属(类)相互作用。这篇综述强调了暴露程度的差异,生物利用度,以及缓解战略的实用性,同时概述研究差距和未来需求。关注可行性和生产者需求,通过利益相关者访谈告知,强调需要更好的分析测试设施以及种植者和消费者教育。更多的研究应集中在最大程度地减少绿叶蔬菜的氯化物输入,以减少Cd的植物利用率以及草酸盐在降低菠菜中Cd生物利用度方面的作用。这些发现适用于其他绿叶蔬菜(例如,羽衣甘蓝,生菜),但不适用于其他植物或金属(类)。
Metals and metalloids (hereafter, metal(loid)s) in plant-based foods are a source of exposure to humans, but not all metal(loid)-food interactions are the same. Differences exist between metal(loid)s in terms of their behavior in soils and in how they are taken up by plants and stored in the edible plant tissue/food. Thus, there cannot be one consistent solution to reducing toxic metal(loid)s exposure to humans from foods. In addition, how metal(loid)s are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the human body differs based on both the metal(loid), other elements and nutrients in the food, and the nutritional status of the human. Initiatives like the United States Food and Drug Administration\'s Closer to Zero initiative to reduce the exposure of young children to the toxic elements cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury from foods warrant careful consideration of each metal(loid) and plant interaction. This
review explores such plant-metal(loid) interactions using the example of spinach and the metals cadmium and lead. This
review highlights differences in the magnitude of exposure, bioavailability, and the practicality of mitigation strategies while outlining research gaps and future needs. A focus on feasibility and producer needs, informed via stakeholder interviews, emphasizes the need for better analytical testing facilities and grower and consumer education. More research should focus on minimization of chloride inputs for leafy greens to lessen plant-availability of Cd and the role of oxalate in reducing Cd bioavailability from spinach. These findings are applicable to other leafy greens (e.g., kale, lettuce), but not for other plants or metal(loid)s.