在这项研究中,对工业废水和地下水的理化性质进行了比较研究,潜在有毒元素(PTE)的浓度,人类健康风险和污染源。每个月,收集了34个废水样品和26个地下水样品,为期一年。结果表明,工业废水中PTEs的物理化学参数和浓度超过了巴基斯坦环境保护局(2000)的最大允许限值。具体来说,发现总溶解固体(5%),总悬浮固体(190%),化学需氧量(107%),5天生化需氧量(5.7倍),润滑脂/油(27.1倍),铁(67%),锌(29%),Mn(32%),Cu(27%),Ni(16%),Cr(8%),Pb(106%),Cd(80%)高于允许限值。废水灌溉组的致癌和非致癌皮肤健康风险显著高于地下水灌溉组。工业废水灌溉的危害指数是地下水的180倍。主成分分析表明,工业是主要的污染源。在树状图中发现所有PTEs(除Fe外)的聚类分析结果均位于同一枝,这在全年的月度数据集中显示出很强的相似性。该研究建议使用邻近的地下水代替工业废水进行灌溉。
In this study, industrial wastewater and groundwater were comparatively investigated for their physicochemical properties, concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), human health risks and pollution source(s). Every month, 34 wastewater samples and 26 groundwater samples were collected, for a duration of one year. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters and concentrations of PTEs in the industrial wastewater exceeded the maximum permissible limits of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (2000). Specifically, it was found that total dissolved solids (5%), total suspended solids (190%), chemical oxygen demand (107%), five-days biochemical oxygen demand (5.7 times), grease/oil (27.1 times), Fe (67%), Zn (29%), Mn (32%), Cu (27%), Ni (16%), Cr (8%), Pb (106%), and Cd (80%) were higher than the permissible limits. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic dermal health risks for wastewater irrigation group were significantly higher than the groundwater irrigation group. The hazard index of irrigation with industrial wastewater was 180 times higher than the groundwater. The principal component analysis indicated that industry was the main polluting source. The cluster analysis results of all PTEs (except Fe) were found in the same clade in the dendrogram, which showed a strong similarity within the monthly data set of the whole year. The study recommends using adjacent groundwater instead of industrial wastewater for irrigation purposes.