Reports of the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis spp. have been increasing in the last decades, especially in temperate areas. In a context of global warming, evidences of the effects of increasing sea temperatures on its physiology and its distribution are still lacking and need to be investigated. In this study, the influence of temperature on growth, ecophysiology and toxicity was assessed for several strains of O. cf. siamensis from the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic) and O. cf. ovata from NW Mediterranean Sea. Cultures were acclimated to temperatures ranging from 14.5 °C to 32 °C in order to study the whole range of each strain-specific thermal niche. Acclimation was successful for temperatures ranging from 14.5 °C to 25 °C for O. cf. siamensis and from 19 °C to 32 °C for O. cf. ovata, with the highest growth rates measured at 22 °C (0.54-1.06 d-1) and 28 °C (0.52-0.75 d-1), respectively. The analysis of cellular content of pigments and lipids revealed some aspects of thermal acclimation processes in Ostreopsis cells. Specific capacities of O. cf. siamensis to cope with stress of cold temperatures were linked with the activation of a xanthophyll cycle based on diadinoxanthin. Lipids (neutral reserve lipids and polar ones) also revealed species-specific variations, with increases in cellular content noted under extreme temperature conditions. Variations in toxicity were assessed through the Artemia franciscana bioassay. For both species, a decrease in toxicity was observed when temperature dropped under the optimal temperature for growth. No PLTX-like compounds were detected in O. cf. siamensis strains. Thus, the main part of the lethal effect observed on A. franciscana was dependent on currently unknown compounds. From a multiclonal approach, this work allowed for defining specificities in the thermal niche and acclimation strategies of O. cf. siamensis and O. cf. ovata towards temperature. Potential impacts of climate change on the toxic risk associated with Ostreopsis blooms in both NW Mediterranean Sea and NE Atlantic coast is further discussed, taking into account variations in the geographic distribution, growth abilities and toxicity of each species.

UNASSIGNED: Biological maturity and relative age player selection biases are well documented in youth sports. However, there has been limited examination of the relationship between these biases.
UNASSIGNED: This study investigated the presence, strength, and independence of relative age and biological maturity selection biases in Gaelic football.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 247 male players from U14 to U16, from two talent academies were assessed for relative age (decimal age (DA)) and biological maturity (discrepancy between biological and chronological age (BA-CA)).
UNASSIGNED: Relative age effects (RAE) were observed in the U14 (DA = 0.62, d = 0.40) and U15 squads (DA = 0.57. d = 0.26) only. A bias towards advanced maturity status was present at U14 (BA-CA = 0.60, d = 0.83), U15 (BA-CA = 0.78, d = 0.89), and U16 (BA-CA, d = 1.01). There was a trivial (U14, r(83) = -0.210; U15, r(88) = 0.060) and low (U16, r(76) = 0.352) correlation between relative age and maturity status.
UNASSIGNED: Substantial maturity selection biases and, to a lesser degree, relative age biases are evident in youth Gaelic football. Critically, these biases are independent constructs. Coaches and policy makers should be educated on the distinct influences of relative age and maturation, and on strategies to address these biases.

The ketogenic diet (KD) can have a negative impact on the linear growth and body composition of children. The aims of this study were to review two centers\' experience with children who developed height deceleration on the KD and determine if the height deceleration was secondary to growth hormone deficiency (GHD), and if growth hormone therapy (GHT) would be effective and safe (not altering ketosis or seizure frequency). Retrospective chart reviews were performed on patients with KD referred to Endocrinology between 2013 and 2018. Seventeen children were identified. Data reviewed included: demographics, growth velocity, KD ratio, protein/calorie intake, lab results, GH dosage, Tanner stage, and seizure frequency, and endocrine recommendations. Descriptive statistics were performed. Of the 17 children referred to the Endocrine Division, seven children were growth hormone deficient and began GHT. Data were provided for six patients (2 males, 4 females; age 2-7 years at the start of KD) on the KD for >6 years and on GHT for >4 years. Growth for all patients stabilized or increased. IGF-1 z-scores normalized. GHT did not affect seizure frequency or ketosis. GHT in those with GHD can be an appropriate option allowing better growth while still maintaining ketogenic therapy and seizure control. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: The KD can be an effective treatment for difficult-to-control epilepsy and some disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. The KD can adversely affect the linear growth (height) of children. This case series reviewed six patients who had slow linear growth. It was found that all six children had growth hormone deficiency, grew better with growth hormone treatments, and that their seizures and ketone levels were not affected.

The most common measures of childhood undernutrition are based on anthropometric measures such as height-for-age (stunting/chronic undernutrition) and weight-for-height (wasting/acute undernutrition). It is well recognised that the determinants of undernutrition are multiple, including food intake, dietary diversity, health, sanitation and women\'s status. Currently, most countries across the world including India use the globally accepted WHO-Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) growth standards (2006) for the purposes of measurement as well as for evaluating progress on these metrics. However, there is some discussion on the universal relevance of these standards, and in the Indian context, whether these standards overestimate the prevalence of stunting, considering differences in genetic potential for growth. This is especially relevant in the context of increasing burden of obesity and non-communicable diseases in India. Based on a detailed review of literature, policy documents and expert inputs, this review paper discusses the relevance of the WHO growth standards for height/stunting, in the context of India. Issues discussed related to the MGRS methodology include pooling of data and intersite and intrasite variability, opting for standards as opposed to references, and external validity. Other issues related to plasticity of stunting and the influence of maternal heights are also discussed, in the context of analysing the appropriateness of using universal growth standards. Based on the review, it is recommended that the current standards may continue to be used until a newer global standard is established through a similar study.

Pulmonary glandular papilloma is a rare benign neoplasm that has not been studied extensively. This neoplasm presents as a solid nodule, consolidation, or mass, with or without atelectasis, and assessing the correlation between these findings and the risk of malignancy is challenging. A 60-year-old woman presented a solitary pulmonary nodule on screening chest radiography and chest computed tomography (CT). During the subsequent 2-year follow-up, CT showed a progressive increase in nodule size and an air bronchogram, suggesting malignancy. The patient underwent a right upper lobectomy, and the final diagnosis was glandular papilloma. Teaching point: Pulmonary glandular papilloma with growth and an air bronchogram.

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With the successful implementation of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) policies, the proportion of infants with exposure to both syphilis and antibiotic medication in utero has increased in China, but there is limited evidence about the early growth and development of such infants.
We conducted a retrospective nested case-control study based on data from the China PMTCT program conducted in Suzhou from 2016 to 2021. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to extract 826 syphilis-exposed but uninfected (SEU) infants and 1,652 syphilis-unexposed uninfected (SUU) infants from a total of 712,653 infants. Maternal characteristics were collected through questionnaires, such as parity, age, education level, smoking and drinking habits during pregnancy. Infantile characteristics were retrieved from medical records or via questionnaires, such as gestational age, gender, mode of delivery, Apgar scores, birth weight and length, outdoor time, vitamin D intake, and feed pattern. Mixed effects models, adjusting for potential influencing factors, were used to investigate the early infantile growth pattern of SEU and SUU infants. All statistical analysis were conducted using R (version 4.2.0).
Length and weight were slightly higher in SEU infants than in the SUU infants at some time points (months 0 and 18 for length, p-values <0.05; months 0, 6, and 18 for weight, p < 0.05). In the mixed effects model, SEU group was found to be associated with higher weight [exponentiated beta exp.(β) = 1.15, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.06, 1.25], length [exp(β) = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.14, 1.77], and BMI z-score [exp(β) = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.19].
With the effective prevention of congenital syphilis under the PMTCT program, SEU infants have non-inferior growth patterns during their first 18 months of life compared with SUU controls in Suzhou, China.

Children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) frequently experience feeding intolerance and diminished growth. Although splicing modulators to prevent symptoms are available worldwide, adequate nutrition to support growth, development, and improved quality of life remains essential. We present a case study of a one-year-old malnourished male with SMA type I who achieved improved growth and feeding tolerance with a human milk (HM)-derived nutrition intervention. Despite feeding with appropriately balanced semielemental formula, he remained severely malnourished after two months of hospitalization. Feeds were partially replaced with HM-based diet plus a HM-based fat modular. Feeding tolerance, fecal calprotectin levels, and z scores for weight and length improved while receiving the HM-based intervention. We hypothesize that the HM-based feeding reduced intestinal inflammation by diminishing pathogenic elements of his microbiome. Owing to their aberrant fatty acid metabolism, patients with SMA are uniquely positioned to benefit from HM-based nutrient acquisition even while receiving splicing modulators to stabilize the disease process.

Primary acquired hypothyroidism in children manifests with a myriad of clinical presentations. Clinical features can be insidious in nature, often under the guise of non-specific presentations to other subspecialties prior to referral to the endocrinologist. Growth failure is a hallmark feature in these children alongside their presenting clinical symptomology which needs to be identified through detailed history, physical examination and analysis of the growth charts. In this case series, we discuss 5 atypical presentations of acquired primary hypothyroidism with multisystemic involvement, including musculoskeletal, hepatobiliary, gynaecological and haematological manifestations. This is of importance as untreated hypothyroidism leads to fatigue, decreased physical activity, suboptimal height gain, disordered puberty and poor neurocognitive development in children with long term detrimental outcomes.

The surge in fossil fuel consumption, culminating in global warming and climate change, compels nations to implement protective measures. Consequently, the concepts of \"sustainable growth\" and the \"green economy\" have gained prominence in response to heightened environmental consciousness. In light of these imperatives, nations have embarked on the formulation of sustainable and environmentally conscious policies, with the dual objective of safeguarding the environment and fostering economic growth. These factors have collectively contributed to the growing significance of energy policies within European nations, spurring a burgeoning momentum in research areas pertaining to energy efficiency and energy productivity. While extant literature has demonstrated the positive environmental impact of energy productivity, there exists a paucity of research pertaining to its economic implications. Energy productivity, defined as achieving equivalent or greater output with reduced energy consumption, bears the potential to influence economic output, thereby exerting cascading effects on various facets of the economy, including growth and exports. The principal aim of this study is to highlight that the augmentation of energy productivity can yield not only environmental advantages but also economic benefits. To achieve this objective, we conduct econometric analyses on panel data spanning the years 2000 to 2020 across the 27 member states of the European Union. Specifically, we explore the effects of energy productivity on diverse economic parameters, encompassing economic growth, high technology exports, medium and high technology exports, total exports, and trade volume. Employing the Driscoll-Kraay standard errors estimator, our findings evince that energy productivity exerts statistically significant and positive influences on economic growth, medium and high technology exports, total exports, and trade volume.