BACKGROUND: The risk of developing tumorous diseases in the genital tract also increases with age in animals. One of the classified tumor types is genital leiomyoma. Presently, our understanding of the pathogenesis of this tumor in goats is, however, limited. This accounts also for the information regarding the presence of steroid hormone receptors and, thus, possible responsiveness to circulating steroids.
METHODS: This study describes the case of a vaginal tumor in a seven-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat. The goat was presented due to blood mixed vaginal discharge. Per vaginal examination a singular pedunculated mass in the dorsum of the vagina measuring approximately 3 cm x 4 cm x 4 cm was revealed. After administering epidural anesthesia, the mass was removed electrothermally. There were no postoperative complications. The histopathological examination identified the mass as a leiomyoma. The immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of the nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR) in the tumor tissue. One year after the surgery, during the follow-up examination, the goat was in good overall health, and the owners had not observed any recurrence of vaginal discharge.
CONCLUSIONS: When observing vaginal discharge in goats, it is important to consider the possibility of genital tract tumors. These tumors may express sex steroid receptors. In the future, it is worth considering the investigation of potential approaches for preventing tumorigenesis or treating the tumor, such as castration or the administration of antiprogestogens.

Congenital goitre is a deadly thyroid metabolic disorder characterised by low thyroid hormone levels, subsequent secretion of excess Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland, and compensatory thyroid gland hyperplasia. This study aimed to summarise the clinical and pathological features of congenital goitre in a goat kid. In April 2019, a dead female goat kid with a history of dystocia was referred to Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, to examine the carcass and find the reason for death. The necropsy were performed, along with histopathology examination, and clinical signs were recorded. Examination of the foetus revealed the presence of an enlarged thyroid gland, and the skin was thick with myxedema, pale, and without hair. After cutting the skin, the swelling showed a significantly enlarged thyroid gland with two asymmetrical lobes, with the right lobe 3.9×7.1 cm and the left 3.7×7.5 cm in size. In the histopathological examination, a severe proliferation of follicular cells was observed, which caused the thyroid gland to be microscopically dense. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of recognising and addressing congenital goitre in goat kids. To prevent such tragic outcomes, it is crucial to focus on early detection and intervention. Furthermore, the agents of goitre need to find out and be clear.

A 12-year-old Saanen goat presented with a history of hyporexia and sudden recumbency. Euthanasia was indicated due to suspicion of hepatic neoplasia associated with senility. Necropsy revealed generalized oedema and increased liver size and weight (33 × 38 × 17 cm and 10.6 kg, respectively), with a firm, multilobular mass. Fusiform to polygonal neoplastic cells, with marked pleomorphism, anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, were seen on histopathological examination of the hepatic mass. The neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin but immunonegative for pancytokeratin. The Ki-67 index was 18.8%. A poorly differentiated leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed on the basis of the gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings and should be included in the differential diagnosis of liver disease in goats.

A concurrent chorioptic mange and dermatophytosis outbreak occurred in a goat flock in northwestern Italy. Sanitation of the flock was obtained following pour-on eprinomectin application at a dose of 1 mg/kg; enilconazole was used for environmental disinfection against dermatophyte spores.

The protozoon Babesia is a blood parasite transmitted by hard ticks and commonly parasitizes ruminants such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Babesiosis, the disease caused by Babesia infection, has been considered a potential threat to ruminant production due to the grave and enormous impact it brings. About 125 million ruminants are at risk of babesiosis in Southeast Asia (SEA), a region composed of 11 countries. In recent decades, molecular-based diagnostic platforms, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, have been a reliable and broadly employed tool in Babesia detection. In this article, the authors compiled and summarized the molecular studies conducted on ruminant babesiosis and mapped the species, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. ovata, Babesia sp. Mymensingh, Babesia sp. Hue, and B. ovis, and determined the host diversity of ruminant Babesia in SEA.

This case of everted third eyelid cartilage in a goat demonstrates that everted cartilage occurs in animals other than domestic dogs and cats. Everted cartilage in the goat can be treated successfully with surgical excision of the abnormally bent cartilage.

Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm that originates from melanocytes. This tumor is observed in cutaneous and non-cutaneous forms, and it is considered one of the most life-threatening types of cancers. Non-cutaneous melanoma is a complex of unique and malignant complications that are easily separable from cutaneous type. Since the ultraviolet radiation from the sun damages DNA and is an oxidative stress factor in melanoma and there are more melanocytes in the basal layer of skin than other parts of the body, the cutaneous form has more prevalence. Most of the time, non-cutaneous form is the result of cutaneous metastasis but both forms can occur primarily. Furthermore, non-cutaneous form usually happens in mucosal layers, intestines, and eyes; moreover, the main reasons are ectopic melanocytes or their unwanted regressive growing. Malignant melanoma can occur in all domestic animals; however, they seem to be rare in sheep and goats. Herein, we describe a rare case of the primary non-cutaneous form of malignant melanoma in a three-year-old indigenous female goat. During meat inspection procedures in a slaughterhouse in Tabriz, Iran, we encountered numerous round firm black masses on visceral surfaces and serous membranes of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The liver and lungs were prominently affected. Samples were taken from involved parts, and malignant melanoma was confirmed in the histopathological examination due to pleomorphism and polymorphism and melanin pigments in cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. According to what was stated in the "manual on meat inspection for developing countries", the carcass was not convenient for human use and condemned by the inspector.

Staphylococcus aureus infection led to a case of goat abortion, and four veterinarians contracted S. aureus infection from the goat during and after the abortion. Three veterinarians assisted a doe during the dystocic delivery of a dead foetus. Seventy-two hours after the dystocia, which ended with the goat\'s death, the veterinarians who assisted during the kidding and the veterinarian who performed the necropsy showed the presence of multiple, isolated, painful pustules 1-5 mm in diameter located along their forearms and knees. S. aureus was isolated from the pustules of the veterinarians, the placenta and uterus of the goat, the organs (brain, thymus gland, abomasum, liver and spleen) of the foetus, the scrotum and eye swabs of the buck, and mammary pustules of another goat from the same herd. Histological analysis revealed purulent metritis and inflammation of the placental cotyledons. Additional investigations eliminated the chances of other infections. S. aureus isolates recovered from the veterinarians, goats, foetus and buck were sensitive to the tested anti-microbials and did not encode staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, ser, sep, see, seg and sei). The isolates were closely related, as indicated by the results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and comparative whole-genome sequencing analysis. The results of this study clearly support the hypothesis that an episode of professional zoonosis was caused by S. aureus infection during the abortion and also highlight the need for bacterial subtyping in epidemiological surveys.

All conjoined twins are originally born as a result of fertilizing one zygote (egg) and also called monozygotic twins experiencing an incomplete division of an embryo into two portions of the embryo usually causing the formation of the primary streak stage. The main reason for the creation of this defect is not obvious. Dead twin goat with one head, one trunk, four anterior limbs, and four posterior organs was referred to the Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran. The radiographic and three-dimensional images showed one normal skull and pelvic bone vertebral column. The ribs and sternum of the newborn goat were quite normal and confirmed two pairs of extra limbs. There were no doubles in describing the internal organs. This report seems to be the first report regarding a case of a monocephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapod newborn goat.

Pre-hepatic jaundice associated with babesiosis in a malabari goat and its successful management is described. The animal was presented with muco-purulent nasal discharge, dyspnoea, coughing, icteric sclera and oral mucosa, bloated abdomen, diarrhoea, hematochezia and coffee coloured urine. History of tick infestation was reported by the owner. Clinical examination revealed pyrexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, pre-scapular and pre-femoral lymphadenopathy and respiratory wheezes. Laboratory investigations revealed anaemia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopaenia, hypoproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia and haemoglobinuria. On microscopic examination, small pyriform Babesia sp. (probably B. ovis) could be detected in Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear. The animal had undergone babesicidal therapy using diminazene aceturate (3.5 mg/kg bodyweight deep IM, two doses at 48hr interval) and oxytetracycline (10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 5 days), and supportive therapy using NSAIDs, polyionic isotonic fluids, antihistamines, B complex vitamins, stomachic and iron supplements. The animal made an uneventful clinical recovery after two weeks.