有关鱼类肉毒中毒的已发布信息很少。我们在此回顾有关鱼类肉毒杆菌中毒的最新文献。淡水鱼容易感染肉毒杆菌。只有轶事证据表明咸水鱼中可能出现肉毒杆菌中毒。除了少数例外,报告的所有鱼类肉毒中毒病例的病因是肉毒梭菌E型,虽然鱼对,并可能携带,各种肉毒杆菌类型。鱼类肉毒中毒的临床症状包括失去平衡和运动,被绑架的Opercula,张开嘴,深色色素沉着,和头部向上/尾部向下的方向,其中试图游泳导致破坏水面。深色色素沉着被认为与受肉毒杆菌神经毒素(BoNT)影响的鱼类的乙酰胆碱失衡有关。很少,但与其他动物物种的情况相似,鱼可以从肉毒中毒中恢复。鱼类肉毒中毒会导致鸟类二次爆发这种疾病,由于受肉毒杆菌感染的鱼类从正常鱼类中脱颖而出,并有选择地被食鱼的鸟捕食,因此,它被病鱼中存在的BoNT陶醉。鱼类中BoNT的来源尚未得到明确确认。鱼可能会摄取肉毒杆菌孢子,然后在消化道中发芽,而是鱼类从环境中摄取预先形成的BoNT的可能性(例如,死鱼,贝类,昆虫)不能排除。鱼类肉毒中毒的推定诊断是根据临床症状建立的,和其他物种一样,确认应基于肠道内容物中BoNT的检测,肝脏,和/或受影响鱼类的血清。
Published information about fish botulism is scant. We
review here the current literature on fish botulism. Freshwater fish are susceptible to botulism. Only anecdotal evidence exists about possible botulism cases in saltwater fish. With only a few exceptions, the etiology of all cases of fish botulism reported is Clostridium botulinum type E, although fish are sensitive to, and may carry, various C. botulinum types. Clinical signs of botulism in fish include loss of equilibrium and motion, abducted opercula, open mouths, dark pigmentation, and head up/tail down orientation in which attempts to swim result in breaching the surface of the water. Dark pigmentation is thought to be associated with acetylcholine imbalance in botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-affected fish. Rarely, but similar to the situation in other animal species, fish can recover from botulism. Fish botulism can cause secondary outbreaks of the disease in birds, as botulism-affected fish stand out from normal fish, and are selectively preyed upon by fish-eating birds, which thus become intoxicated by the BoNT present in sick fish. The source of BoNT in fish has not been definitively confirmed. Fish may ingest C. botulinum spores that then germinate in their digestive tract, but the possibility that fish ingest preformed BoNT from the environment (e.g., dead fish, shellfish, insects) cannot be ruled out. The presumptive diagnosis of botulism in fish is established based on clinical signs, and as in other species, confirmation should be based on detection of BoNT in intestinal content, liver, and/or serum of affected fish.