断奶是猪生产的关键阶段,其特征是许多生物和环境压力源,对断奶后即刻行为和采食量(FI)有显著影响。在此期间,仔猪的胃肠道(GI)系统也经历广泛的上皮,免疫,神经系统发育。在这次审查中,我们的目标是描述不同的断奶前策略,这些策略可用于最大程度地减少营养摄入中断并提高断奶后即刻的FI.可以通过实施管理和营养策略来减少断奶后的营养中断。研究一致表明,断奶年龄较大,更多的发育成熟的猪有助于防止许多与断奶压力相关的不良GI效应。在哺乳期间向猪提供蠕动饲料是另一种可靠的策略,已显示通过在断奶前使猪适应固体饲料来增加断奶后即刻FI。同样,通过允许猪在断奶前混合来提高社交技能,最小化混合应力,和侵略相关的伤害立即断奶后。补充牛奶替代品也已被证明在断奶前的生长性能中引起积极的反应,这可能有助于降低断奶前死亡率。虽然社会化和牛奶替代品被认为可以缓解断奶过渡,由于劳动力和应用方面的挑战,这些策略尚未被广泛采用。此外,牛奶替代品的成本和为适应垃圾社会化而改造分娩屋的物流成本有限。进一步探索产妇营养策略,特别是胎儿印记,需要更好地理解围产期学习的含义。未来研究的其他领域包括,将环境富集与喂养策略相结合,如大型可破坏颗粒或游戏喂食器,以及确定在什么时间点生产者应该开始社会化猪断奶前。虽然需要更多的研究来制定战略断奶前管理计划,这篇综述中提出的许多策略为生产者提供了机会,通过预防饲料恐惧症来最大限度地减少营养摄入中断,减轻压力,并缓解断奶猪的过渡。
Weaning is a crucial phase of swine production marked by a multitude of biological and environmental stressors, which have a significant impact on immediate postweaning behavior and feed intake (FI). During this time, the piglet\'s gastrointestinal (GI) system is also undergoing extensive epithelial, immune, and nervous system development. In this
review, our objective is to describe the different preweaning strategies that can be used to minimize nutrient intake disruption and improve FI in the immediate postweaning period. Reducing nutrient disruption postweaning can be accomplished through the implementation of management and nutritional strategies. Research consistently demonstrates that weaning older, more developmentally mature pigs helps prevent many of the adverse GI effects associated with weaning stress. Providing creep feed to pigs during lactation is another reliable strategy that has been shown to increase immediate postweaning FI by acclimating pigs to solid feed prior to weaning. Likewise, socialization by allowing pigs to mix before weaning improves social skills, minimizing mixing stress, and aggression-related injury immediately postweaning. Supplemental milk replacer has also been shown to elicit a positive response in preweaning growth performance, which may help to reduce preweaning mortality. While socialization and milk replacer are acknowledged to ease the weaning transition, these strategies have not been widely adopted due to labor and application challenges. Additionally, the cost of milk replacer and logistics of retrofitting farrowing houses to accommodate litter socialization have limited adaptation. Further exploration of maternal nutrition strategies, particularly fetal imprinting, is needed to better understand the implications of perinatal learning. Other areas for future research include, combining environmental enrichment with feeding strategies, such as large destructible pellets or play feeders, as well as determining at what time point producers should start socializing pigs before weaning. While more research is needed to develop strategic preweaning management programs, many of the strategies presented in this
review provide opportunities for producers to minimize nutrient intake disruption by preventing feed neophobia, reducing stress, and easing the wean pig transition.