细胞外DNA是指存在于细胞外的DNA片段,源于各种细胞释放机制，包括活跃的分泌，细胞裂解，和噬菌体介导的过程。细胞外DNA作为一个重要的环境生物标志物，在水体中发挥着至关重要的生态和环境作用。本文综述了细胞外DNA释放机制,包括涉及细胞裂解的途径，细胞外囊泡，和IV型分泌系统。然后，从水中提取和检测细胞外DNA的方法，土壤,和生物膜进行了描述和分析。最后,我们强调了细胞外DNA在微生物群落系统中的作用，包括它对生物膜形成的重大贡献，通过水平基因转移(HGT)实现生物多样性，和电子转移过程。这篇评论提供了对来源的全面洞察，分布，功能,以及水生环境中细胞外DNA的影响，旨在促进对水生环境以及其他环境中细胞外DNA动力学的进一步探索和理解。
Extracellular DNA refers to DNA fragments existing outside the cell, originating from various cell release mechanisms, including active secretion, cell lysis, and phage-mediated processes. Extracellular DNA serves as a vital environmental biomarker, playing crucial ecological and environmental roles in water bodies. This
review is summarized the mechanisms of extracellular DNA release, including pathways involving cell lysis, extracellular vesicles, and type IV secretion systems. Then, the extraction and detection methods of extracellular DNA from water, soil, and biofilm are described and analyzed. Finally, we emphasize the role of extracellular DNA in microbial community systems, including its significant contributions to biofilm formation, biodiversity through horizontal gene transfer, and electron transfer processes. This
review offers a comprehensive insight into the sources, distribution, functions, and impacts of extracellular DNA within aquatic environments, aiming to foster further exploration and understanding of extracellular DNA dynamics in aquatic environments as well as other environments.
