背景:紫杉烷类紫杉醇和多西他赛被广泛用于治疗乳腺癌,卵巢,和其他癌症。尽管它们的细胞毒性归因于通过稳定微管的细胞周期停滞,肿瘤细胞死亡的机制尚不清楚.紫杉醇已被证明可以诱导巨噬细胞中可溶性肿瘤坏死因子α(sTNF-α)的产生,但尚未确定肿瘤细胞中紫杉烷细胞毒性或耐药性中TNF的产生。我们的研究旨在将TNF途径的改变与紫杉烷的细胞毒性和紫杉烷抗性的获得相关联。
方法:通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)评估在不存在或存在紫杉烷的情况下(在不存在或存在TNFR1或TNFR2中和抗体的情况下),评估MCF-7细胞或等基因耐药变体(通过选择在增加浓度的紫杉醇或多西他赛中存活的细胞而开发)的sTNF-α的产生,并通过使用克隆性测定(核因子(NF)-κB活性也用ELISA检测,而MCF-7和A2780细胞中与多西他赛耐药相关的基因表达变化是通过微阵列分析和定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RTqPCR)确定的.
结果:MCF-7和A2780细胞在紫杉烷类的存在下增加sTNF-α的产生,而MCF-7的多西他赛耐药变体产生高水平的sTNF-α,尽管仅在特定的药物浓度阈值内(3至45nM)。sTNF-α的产生增加是NF-κB依赖性的,并且与对sTNF-α的敏感性降低相关。通过TNFR2和NF-κB激活降低了TNFR1的水平,并增加了生存率。NF-κB抑制剂SN-50在多西他赛耐药的MCF-7细胞中重建了对多西他赛的敏感性。野生型和多西他赛耐药MCF-7,MDA-MB-231和A2780细胞的基因表达分析发现,TNF-α相关基因的表达变化与TNF诱导的细胞毒性和NF-κB存活途径的激活一致。
结论:我们首次报道紫杉烷类在临床相关浓度下可促进肿瘤细胞中剂量依赖性sTNF-α的产生,这可能有助于它们的细胞毒性。TNF细胞毒性途径的缺陷或TNF依赖性NF-κB存活基因的激活可能,相比之下,有助于肿瘤细胞的紫杉烷抗性。这些发现可能具有很强的临床意义。
BACKGROUND: The taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel are widely used in the treatment of breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Although their cytotoxicity has been attributed to cell-cycle arrest through stabilization of microtubules, the mechanisms by which tumor cells die remains unclear. Paclitaxel has been shown to induce soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (sTNF-α) production in macrophages, but the involvement of TNF production in taxane cytotoxicity or resistance in tumor cells has not been established. Our
study aimed to correlate alterations in the TNF pathway with taxane cytotoxicity and the acquisition of taxane resistance.
METHODS: MCF-7 cells or isogenic drug-resistant variants (developed by selection for surviving cells in increasing concentrations of paclitaxel or docetaxel) were assessed for sTNF-α production in the absence or presence of taxanes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for sensitivity to docetaxel or sTNF-α by using a clonogenic assay (in the absence or presence of TNFR1 or TNFR2 neutralizing antibodies). Nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity was also measured with ELISA, whereas gene-expression changes associated with docetaxel resistance in MCF-7 and A2780 cells were determined with microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR).
RESULTS: MCF-7 and A2780 cells increased production of sTNF-α in the presence of taxanes, whereas docetaxel-resistant variants of MCF-7 produced high levels of sTNF-α, although only within a particular drug-concentration threshold (between 3 and 45 nM). Increased production of sTNF-α was NF-κB dependent and correlated with decreased sensitivity to sTNF-α, decreased levels of TNFR1, and increased survival through TNFR2 and NF-κB activation. The NF-κB inhibitor SN-50 reestablished sensitivity to docetaxel in docetaxel-resistant MCF-7 cells. Gene-expression analysis of wild-type and docetaxel-resistant MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and A2780 cells identified changes in the expression of TNF-α-related genes consistent with reduced TNF-induced cytotoxicity and activation of NF-κB survival pathways.
CONCLUSIONS: We report for the first time that taxanes can promote dose-dependent sTNF-α production in tumor cells at clinically relevant concentrations, which can contribute to their cytotoxicity. Defects in the TNF cytotoxicity pathway or activation of TNF-dependent NF-κB survival genes may, in contrast, contribute to taxane resistance in tumor cells. These findings may be of strong clinical significance.