There is an ongoing debate as to what extent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be transmitted from dietary to humans via the consumption of food products. We investigated this association between dietary and global spreading carbapenem-resistant gene blaNDM Methods: We did a cross-sectional study to assess the risk factors for carrier of blaNDM in health community. Healthy adults were recruited from the residents attending Community Healthcare Service in Shenzhen City (Guangdong Province, China), through 1February 2018 to 31December 2019, and 718 pre-participants were included in this study. Questionnaire were obtained and the qualitative food frequency questionnaire (Q-FFQ) were used to assess dietary intake. qPCR was applied to confirm the carrier of blaNDM in participants\'fecal samples. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of each outcome according to each dietary factor before and after prosperity score matching (PSM).
we showed that a high intake of coarse grain (OR 1.003; 95% CI 1.001-1.005, p < 0.01) and root and tuber crops (OR 1.003; 95% CI 1.001-1.004, p < 0.05) were independent risk factor for blaNDM carrier in health communities, suggesting a possible transfer of AMRbetweendietary andhumans. Surprisingly, we also showed an association between a higher intake of poultry as a protective, which may be explained by the beneficial effects on the gut microbiota.
Dietary factors such as intake of coarse grain, root and tuber crops and poultry were associated with blaNDM carrier in health communities. The influence of dietary factorson blaNDM carrier in the present study provides insights for the tangible dietary advice with guidelines to the routine of people with the risk of blaNDM carrier. This demonstrates the role of dietary intake in the prevention of blaNDM carrier, since prevention is the best way to control modifiable risk factors. A lower carrier rate of blaNDM is helpful to reduce the possibility of transmission and pathogenicity. Further studies on food, microbiota and antimicrobial resistance are necessary to confirm this possible association and unravel underlying mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: Travellers may be colonized with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on return, but little is known about colonization during travel. Our objectives were to assess the acquisition and colonization dynamics during the stay abroad for a broad range of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance phenotypes and to identify risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
METHODS: German and Dutch participants (n = 132) of this prospective cohort study (2016-2018) completed a questionnaire on risk factors and provided daily stool samples before, during, and after travel. Samples were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), carbapenem-resistant (CarbR-GN), and non-intrinsically colistin-resistant Gram-negative rods (ColR-GN), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium/faecalis (VRE), and Clostridioides difficile.
RESULTS: Colonization rates reached a plateau within a week after departure fluctuating around 48.5% (63/130) and 58.4% (45/77, ESBL-E), 10.4% (11/106) and 23.4% (18/77, ColR-GN), or 3.0% (4/132) and 6.8% (8/118, CarbR-GN). Colonization rates after the travel were 46.2% (61/132, ESBL-E), 9.0% (12/132, ColR-GN), and 3.4% (5/132, CarbR-GN). Travellers carried mcr-1- (15/132; 11.4%) or blaNDM-positive (4/132; 3.0%) Enterobacterales. A vegetarian diet was associated with a lower risk for the acquisition of ESBL-E (OR = 0.4, p 0.04) and ColR-GN (OR = 0.1, p 0.01) during travel in a multivariable model. Similarly, travellers visiting friends and relatives had a lower risk for the acquisition of ESBL-E (OR = 0.3, p 0.009) and CarbR-GN (OR = 0.3, p 0.01). VRE and C. difficile were not detected.
CONCLUSIONS: The number of travellers with a temporary colonization during the journey exceeded the number of travellers still colonized after return.