Background: Currently, the escalation of microbial resistance poses a significant global challenge. Children are more susceptible to develop infections and therefore are prescribed antibiotics more frequently. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in pediatric patients can play a considerable role in developing microbial resistance. Accordingly, many policies, including research into new antibiotic agents have been recommended to combat microbial resistance. Recent developments in novel antibiotics have shown promising results against multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR) pathogens. However, as pediatric patients are typically excluded from the clinical trials of new medications, labeling and information about approved antibiotics should be improved. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotics having been introduced to the market in the last decade focusing on pediatric population. Methods: This study reviewed the published literatures on novel FDA-approved antibiotics released between 2010 and 2022. Results: Finally, seven newly approved antibiotics including ceftaroline fosamil, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftobiprole, imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, and tedizolid were considered in the present review-article. All relevant data extracted from literatures, were discussed in different subtitles of \"Pharmacology\", \"Mechanism of action\", \"Indication\", \"Dosage regimen and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties\", \"Dosage adjustment in renal/liver failure\", \"Resistance pattern\", and \"Adverse drug events\". Conclusion: This study reviewed available data on seven new antibiotic agents and their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, with a particular focus on their use in pediatric patients. The information presented in this review will be useful for healthcare professionals in selecting appropriate antibiotics for pediatric patients and for researchers in achieving the ideal therapeutic regimens.

Background: To evaluate systematically the failure rate of short versus long courses of antibiotic agents for prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for controlled studies of short- and long-course antibiotic agents for joint prosthesis infections, all from the time of database creation to April 2022. Literature search, quality evaluation, and data extraction were performed independently by two researchers, and the primary outcome was the rate of surgical failure after antibiotic treatment. Stata 11.0 software was then applied for meta-analysis. Publication bias was assessed using Begg test. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and fixed or random effects models were used accordingly. Meta-regression was used to determine the causes of heterogeneity. Results: A total of 14 articles involving 1,971 participants met the inclusion criteria, including 12 observational studies and two randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis showed no difference between short and long courses of antibiotic agents (relative risk, 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-1.32). The results of the subgroup analysis showed no differences between the failure rates of patients with PJI treated with short and long courses of antibiotic agents in studies with different study areas, different treatment modalities, and different locations of the artificial joints. Conclusions: Patients with PJIs may not require long-term or lifelong antibiotic agents after surgical treatment, and short-term (four to six weeks) antibiotic therapy is usually safe.

Background: Antibiotic prophylaxis is a common, established practice at trauma centers worldwide for patients presenting with various forms of serious injury. Many patients simultaneously present with hemorrhage. The current guidelines by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma recommend re-dosing prophylactic antibiotic agents for every 10 units of blood products administered. However, these guidelines are only mildly supported by dated research. Methods: A literature search was completed through Medline EBSCO Host using antibiotic prophylaxis and transfusion as keywords. Articles judged to be relevant to the study question were selected for full-text review. Case studies were not included. Altogether, 18 articles were cited in our results through this process. Results: Risk of infection increases in patients resuscitated with large volume of blood products. Animal models of trauma offered conflicting findings on whether blood loss and blood resuscitation altered tissue antibiotic concentrations compared with controls. Studies focused on antibiotic pharmacokinetics in non-trauma human patients revealed agreement surrounding reported decreases in serum and tissue concentrations, although there was discrepancy surrounding the clinical relevancy of the reported decreases. Conclusions: Trauma, hemorrhage, and transfusion impair the immune response resulting in increased incidence of infection. Both animal and human models of antibiotic pharmacokinetics show decreased serum and tissue concentrations during hemorrhage. However, available data are insufficient to conclude that trauma patients experiencing hemorrhage are at elevated risk of infection and thus require more frequent redosing of antibiotic agents than the current guidelines suggest. An upcoming, prospective study by our institution seeks to evaluate this question.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antibiotic agents in children with COVID-19, as well as to introduce the present situation of antibiotics use and bacterial coinfections in COVID-19 patients.
METHODS: We searched Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CBM, Wanfang Data and CNKI from their inception to March 31, 2020. In addition, we searched related studies on COVID-19 published before March 31, 2020 through Google Scholar. We evaluated the risk of bias of included studies, and synthesized the results using a qualitative synthesis.
RESULTS: Six studies met our inclusion criteria. Five studies on SARS showed an overall risk of death of 7.2% to 20.0%. One study of SARS patients who used macrolides, quinolones or beta lactamases showed that the mean duration of hospital stay was 14.2, 13.8 and 16.2 days, respectively, and their average duration of fever was 14.3, 14.0 and 16.2 days, respectively. One cohort study on MERS indicated that macrolide therapy was not associated with a significant reduction in 90-day mortality (adjusted OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.47-1.51, P=0.56) and improvement in MERS-CoV RNA clearance (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.47-1.64, P=0.68). According to the findings of 33 studies, the proportion of antibiotics use ranged from 19.4% to 100.0% in children and 13.2% to 100.0% in adults, despite the lack of etiological evidence. The most commonly used antibiotics in adults were quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides and in children meropenem and linezolid.
CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of antibiotic agents for adults with SARS or MERS were questionable in the absence of bacterial coinfections. There is no evidence to support the use of antibiotic agents for children with COVID-19 in the absence of bacterial coinfection.