我们对亚洲蟾蜍(Bufogargarizans)进行了系统地理和种群遗传研究,以了解其进化史,以及地质和气候的影响。来自94个位置的总共292个个体进行了两个线粒体基因座的基因分型(cytb,ND2)和五个核内含子(Sox9-2,Rho-3,CCNB2-3,UCH-2和DBI-2),我们进行了一套系统发育,种群遗传,和分歧约会分析。使用线粒体基因座构建的系统发育树推断,大芽孢杆菌分为两个主要群体:中国大陆和东北亚(中国东北,俄罗斯,和朝鲜半岛)。与以前对该物种的研究一样,我们恢复了与地理区域无关的种群遗传结构。此外,我们发现了一个仅限于东北亚的新遗传进化枝,指向朝鲜半岛是更新世期间的冰川避难所。大芽孢杆菌的弱系统地理格局可能是多种生物学的结果,人为的,和历史因素-生理适应导致的强大扩散能力,人类易位,地质活动,和更新世的冰川周期。我们强调东北亚复杂的地质和气候历史,并鼓励进一步研究以了解其对该地区生物多样性的影响。
We conduct a phylogeographic and population genetic
study of the Asiatic toad (Bufo gargarizans) to understand its evolutionary history, and the influence of geology and climate. A total of 292 individuals from 94 locations were genotyped for two mitochondrial loci (cytb, ND2) and five nuclear introns (Sox9-2, Rho-3, CCNB2-3, UCH-2, and DBI-2), and we performed a suite of phylogenetic, population genetic, and divergence dating analyses. The phylogenetic trees constructed using mitochondrial loci inferred B. gargarizans being divided into two major groups: China mainland and Northeast Asia (Northeast China, Russia, and Korean Peninsula). As with previous studies of this species, we recover population genetic structure not tied to geographic region. Additionally, we discover a new genetic clade restricted to Northeast Asia that points towards the Korean Peninsula being a glacial refugium during the Pleistocene. The weak phylogeographic pattern of B. gargarizans is likely the result of multiple biological, anthropogenic, and historical factors - robust dispersal abilities as a consequence of physiological adaptations, human translocation, geologic activity, and glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. We highlight the complex geologic and climatic history of Northeast Asia and encourage further research to understand its impact on the biodiversity in the region.