Emergency and critical diseases is characterized by suddenness, complexity and unpredictability, which can lead to severe adverse prognosis such as shock or multiple organ failure. It has been confirmed that the common mechanism of aldehyde metabolism disorder leading to the accumulation of a large number of aldehydes, injury of cells and tissues caused by toxic aldehydes, and organ dysfunction existed in various emergency and critical diseases. However, the definition of the theory of aldehyde metabolism disorder, the detection methods of aldehydes, and the application of the theory of aldehyde metabolism disorder in guiding the early treatment of emergency and critical diseases have not been systematized and standardized. Therefore, Chinese Society of Emergency Medicine, Chest Pain Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, and Multidisciplinary Joint Committee on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Extracorporeal Life Support of Shandong Medical Association organized multidisciplinary experts in emergency and critical care medicine, pharmacy, and molecular chemistry, etc., to comprehensively review the basic and clinical research on the effect of aldehyde metabolism disorder in the early stage of emergency and critical diseases at home and abroad, and jointly formulated the Chinese experts consensus on aldehyde metabolism disorder guided the early management of emergency and critical care medicine (2023). The novel and common consensus on the aldehyde metabolism disorder aims to further improve the treatment level of the emergency and critical diseases, so as to put forward a new, safe and reliable treatment strategy for the critical patients, and improve the overall survival rate of the critical patients.

Four distinctive sets of optimum nitroxyl radical/copper salt/additive catalyst combinations have been identified for accommodating the aerobic oxidation of various types of primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes. Interestingly, less nucleophilic catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activities for the oxidation of particular primary allylic and propargylic alcohols to give α,β-unsaturated aldehydes that function as competent Michael acceptors. The optimum conditions identified herein were successful in the oxidation of various types of primary alcohols, including unprotected amino alcohols and divalent-sulfur-containing alcohols in good-to-high yields. Moreover, N-protected alaninol, an inefficient substrate in the nitroxyl radical/copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation, was oxidized in good yield. On the basis of the optimization results, a guideline for catalyst selection has been established.

Recently, we have published a book containing evidence-based public health guidelines and a practical manual for the prevention of sick house syndrome. The manual is available through the homepage of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11130500-Shokuhinanzenbu/0000155147.pdf). It is an almost completely revised version of the 2009 version. The coauthors are 13 specialists in environmental epidemiology, exposure sciences, architecture, and risk communication. Since the 1970s, health problems caused by indoor chemicals, biological pollution, poor temperature control, humidity, and others in office buildings have been recognized as sick building syndrome (SBS) in Western countries, but in Japan it was not until the 1990s that people living in new or renovated homes started to describe a variety of nonspecific subjective symptoms such as eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache, and general fatigue. These symptoms resembled SBS and were designated \"sick house syndrome (SHS).\" To determine the strategy for prevention of SHS, we conducted a nationwide epidemiological study in six cities from 2003-2013 by randomly sampling 5,709 newly built houses. As a result 1,479 residents in 425 households agreed to environmental monitoring for indoor aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After adjustment for possible risk factors, some VOCs and formaldehyde were dose-dependently shown to be significant risk factors. We also studied the dampness of the houses, fungi, allergies, and others. This book is fully based on the scientific evidence collected through these studies and other newly obtained information, especially from the aspect of architectural engineering. In addition to SHS, we included chapters on recent information about \"multi-chemical sensitivity.\"

Aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (ADO) is an essential enzyme for production of long-chain alkanes as drop-in biofuels, which are compatible with existing fuel systems. The most active ADOs are present in mesophilic cyanobacteria, especially Nostoc punctiforme Given the potential applications of thermostable enzymes in biorefineries, here we generated a thermostable (Cts)-ADO based on a consensus of ADO sequences from several thermophilic cyanobacterial strains. Using an in silico design pipeline and a metagenome library containing 41 hot-spring microbial communities, we created Cts-ADO. Cts-ADO displayed a 3.8-fold increase in pentadecane production on raising the temperature from 30 to 42 °C, whereas ADO from N. punctiforme (Np-ADO) exhibited a 1.7-fold decline. 3D structure modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of Cts- and Np-ADO at different temperatures revealed differences between the two enzymes in residues clustered on exposed loops of these variants, which affected the conformation of helices involved in forming the ADO catalytic core. In Cts-ADO, this conformational change promoted ligand binding to its preferred iron, Fe2, in the di-iron cluster at higher temperature, but the reverse was observed in Np-ADO. Detailed mapping of residues conferring Cts-ADO thermostability identified four amino acids, which we substituted individually and together in Np-ADO. Among these substitution variants, A161E was remarkably similar to Cts-ADO in terms of activity optima, kinetic parameters, and structure at higher temperature. A161E was located in loop L6, which connects helices H5 and H6, and supported ligand binding to Fe2 at higher temperatures, thereby promoting optimal activity at these temperatures and explaining the increased thermostability of Cts-ADO.

To protect public health the German Working Group on Indoor Guidelines of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the States\' Health Authorities is issuing indoor air guideline values. For health evaluation of indoor air n- and i-alkanals with at least 4 C atoms no appropriate human data is available. Based on animal studies irritation has been identified as crucial adverse effect following inhalative exposure to C4 to C6 alkanals. However, sufficient data is available for C4 alkanals only. Inflammation of the nose epithelium followed by non-neoplastic and degenerative lesions has been seen in inhalative subchronic studies with butanal and chronic studies with i-butanal. The lowest adverse effect level for continuous exposure is assessed by the Working Group as 16 mg butanal per cubic meter. By applying an interspecies factor of 1 and an intraspecies factor of 10 a so-called health hazard value of 2 mg butanal/m3 indoor air is obtained. Regarding the few and limited data on inhalation toxicity of the higher homologues concerning irritation a health hazard value of 2 mg/m3 indoor air for the total of acyclic C4 to C11 alkanals is recommended. Elevated C4 to C11 alkanal indoor air concentrations annoy by odour. To prevent from unpleasant odour a so-called health precaution value of 0.1 mg acyclic C4 to C11 alkanals/m3 indoor is recommended.

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