有更多的食草水禽(天鹅和鹅)接近人类,牲畜和家禽比以往任何时候都多。这与农业和其他人类利益产生了广泛的冲突,但也有关于天鹅和鹅作为与人类和动物健康相关的疾病的潜在媒介的作用的辩论。使用一个健康的观点,我们提供有关最相关病毒的科学文献的第一个全面综述,细菌,以及在野鹅和天鹅中出现的单细胞病原体。迄今为止的研究表明,这些鸟类可能在禽流感病毒的传播中起作用,沙门氏菌,弯曲杆菌,抗生素耐药性。另一方面,目前没有证据表明鹅和天鹅在新城疫的传播中起作用,鸭瘟疫,西尼罗河病毒,弧菌,耶尔森氏菌,梭菌属,衣原体,和Borrelia.最后,根据目前的知识,不可能说鹅和天鹅是否在大肠杆菌的传播中起作用,巴斯德,螺杆菌,短螺旋体,隐孢子虫,贾第虫,和微孢子虫.这主要是由于分类和分类法的变化,鉴定方法发展迅速,缺乏宿主特异性知识。先前的研究倾向于高估鹅和天鹅作为疾病媒介的作用;我们没有发现任何证据表明它们是本评论中考虑的任何病原体的人类或牲畜的重要传播者。然而,明智的做法是将家禽和牲畜与许多野生水禽使用的小体积水域分开,但是没有必要阻止在有鹅和天鹅的自然保护区或牧场放牧牲畜。在某些情况下,有必要阻止天鹅和鹅使用废水池,饮用水水库,和公共海滩。加强对天鹅和鹅的AIV筛查,西尼罗河病毒和抗生素疱疹病毒是必要的。
There are more herbivorous
waterfowl (swans and geese) close to humans, livestock and poultry than ever before. This creates widespread conflict with agriculture and other human interests, but also debate about the role of swans and geese as potential vectors of disease of relevance for human and animal health. Using a One Health perspective, we provide the first comprehensive
review of the scientific literature about the most relevant viral, bacterial, and unicellular pathogens occurring in wild geese and swans. Research thus far suggests that these birds may play a role in transmission of avian influenza virus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and antibiotic resistance. On the other hand, at present there is no evidence that geese and swans play a role in transmission of Newcastle disease, duck plague, West Nile virus, Vibrio, Yersinia, Clostridium, Chlamydophila, and Borrelia. Finally, based on present knowledge it is not possible to say if geese and swans play a role in transmission of Escherichia coli, Pasteurella, Helicobacter, Brachyspira, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Microsporidia. This is largely due to changes in classification and taxonomy, rapid development of identification methods and lack of knowledge about host specificity. Previous research tends to overrate the role of geese and swans as disease vectors; we do not find any evidence that they are significant transmitters to humans or livestock of any of the pathogens considered in this
review. Nevertheless, it is wise to keep poultry and livestock separated from small volume waters used by many wild
waterfowl, but there is no need to discourage livestock grazing in nature reserves or pastures where geese and swans are present. Under some circumstances it is warranted to discourage swans and geese from using wastewater ponds, drinking water reservoirs, and public beaches. Intensified screening of swans and geese for AIV, West Nile virus and anatid herpesvirus is warranted.