近年来,水质监测变得越来越重要,以确保从自然含水层获得清洁和安全的水,并了解水污染物在时间和空间上的演变。传统的水监测技术包括样品收集,保存,准备,通过繁琐的湿化学路线和昂贵的仪器进行实验室测试和分析。尽管这些方法的准确性很高,高昂的测试成本,繁琐的程序,与它们相关的维护并不能使它们对最终用户和现场测试有利可图。作为最终利益相关者的参与,也就是说,水质和水量的普通人可以在确保我们含水层的可持续性方面发挥关键作用,因此,必须开发和部署便携式和用户友好的技术系统,以实时或现场监测水源。本综述在这里强调了可能的方法,包括光学(吸光度,荧光,比色法,X射线荧光,化学发光),电化学(ASV,CSV,CV,EIS,和计时电流法),电气,生物,和表面传感(SPR和SERS),作为开发此类平台的候选人。现有的发展,他们的成功,并根据水的各种属性讨论了瓶颈,以提高水质设备开发的必要性,满足社会使用的保证标准。对这些平台的市场潜力也进行了分析,从材料科学方面需要的进步,并可能与物联网解决方案集成,以符合工业4.0的环境应用。
Water quality monitoring has become more critical in recent years to ensure the availability of clean and safe water from natural aquifers and to understand the evolution of water contaminants across time and space. The conventional water monitoring techniques comprise of sample collection, preservation, preparation, tailed by laboratory testing and analysis with cumbersome wet chemical routes and expensive instrumentation. Despite the high accuracy of these methods, the high testing costs, laborious procedures, and maintenance associated with them don\'t make them lucrative for end end-users and field testing. As the participation of ultimate stakeholders, that is, common man for water quality and quantity can play a pivotal role in ensuring the sustainability of our aquifers, thus it is essential to develop and deploy portable and user-friendly technical systems for monitoring water sources in real-time or on-site. The present
review emphasizes here on possible approaches including optical (absorbance, fluorescence, colorimetric, X-ray fluorescence, chemiluminescence), electrochemical (ASV, CSV, CV, EIS, and chronoamperometry), electrical, biological, and surface-sensing (SPR and SERS), as candidates for developing such platforms. The existing developments, their success, and bottlenecks are discussed in terms of various attributes of water to escalate the essentiality of water quality devices development meeting ASSURED criterion for societal usage. These platforms are also analyzed in terms of their market potential, advancements required from material science aspects, and possible integration with IoT solutions in alignment with Industry 4.0 for environmental application.