UNASSIGNED: Despite widespread availability and consensus on its advantages for detailed imaging of geographic atrophy (GA), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) might benefit from automated quantitative OCT analyses in GA diagnosis, monitoring, and reporting of its landmark clinical trials.
UNASSIGNED: To analyze the association between pegcetacoplan and consensus GA SD-OCT end points.
UNASSIGNED: This was a post hoc analysis of 11 614 SD-OCT volumes from 936 of the 1258 participants in 2 parallel phase 3 studies, the Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal APL-2 Therapy With Sham Injections in Patients With Geographic Atrophy (GA) Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration (OAKS) and Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal APL-2 Therapy With Sham Injections in Patients With Geographic Atrophy (GA) Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration (DERBY). OAKS and DERBY were 24-month, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled studies conducted from August 2018 to July 2020 among adults with GA with total area 2.5 to 17.5 mm2 on fundus autofluorescence imaging (if multifocal, at least 1 lesion ≥1.25 mm2). This analysis was conducted from September to December 2023.
UNASSIGNED: Study participants received pegcetacoplan, 15 mg per 0.1-mL intravitreal injection, monthly or every other month, or sham injection monthly or every other month.
UNASSIGNED: The primary end point was the least squares mean change from baseline in area of retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy in each of the 3 treatment arms (pegcetacoplan monthly, pegcetacoplan every other month, and pooled sham [sham monthly and sham every other month]) at 24 months. Feature-specific area analysis was conducted by Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) regions of interest (ie, foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal).
UNASSIGNED: Among 936 participants, the mean (SD) age was 78.5 (7.22) years, and 570 participants (60.9%) were female. Pegcetacoplan, but not sham treatment, was associated with reduced growth rates of SD-OCT biomarkers for GA for up to 24 months. Reductions vs sham in least squares mean (SE) change from baseline of retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy area were detectable at every time point from 3 through 24 months (least squares mean difference vs pooled sham at month 24, pegcetacoplan monthly: -0.86 mm2; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.57; P < .001; pegcetacoplan every other month: -0.69 mm2; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.39; P < .001). This association was more pronounced with more frequent dosing (pegcetacoplan monthly vs pegcetacoplan every other month at month 24: -0.17 mm2; 95% CI, -0.43 to 0.08; P = .17). Stronger associations were observed in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions for both pegcetacoplan monthly and pegcetacoplan every other month.
UNASSIGNED: These findings offer additional insight into the potential effects of pegcetacoplan on the development of GA, including potential effects on the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors.
UNASSIGNED: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03525600 and NCT03525613.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the methodological quality of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis and management of Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO).
METHODS: A systematic review of CPGs for the diagnosis and management of RVO was carried out with a search in databases, metasearch engines, CPG development institutions, ophthalmology associations and CPG repositories until April 2022. Search update was performed on April 2023, with no new record available. Five CPGs published in the last 10 years in English/Spanish were selected, and 5 authors evaluated them independently, using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE-II) instrument. An individual assessment of each CPG by domain (AGREE-II), an overall assessment of the guide, and its use with or without modifications were performed. Additionally, a meta-synthesis of the recommendations for the most relevant outcomes was carried out.
RESULTS: The lowest score (mean 18.8%) was for domain 5 \'applicability\', and the highest score (mean 62%) was for domain 4 \'clarity of presentation\'. The 2019 American guideline (PPP) presented the best score (40.4%) in domain 3 \'rigour of development\'. When evaluating the overall quality of the CPGs analysed, all CPGs could be recommended with modifications. In the meta-synthesis, anti-VEGF therapy is the first-choice therapy for macular oedema associated with RVO, but there is no clear recommendation about the type of anti-VEGF therapy to choose. Recommendations for diagnosis and follow-up are similar among the CPGs appraised.
CONCLUSIONS: Most CPGs for the diagnosis and management of RVO have a low methodological quality assessed according to the AGREE-II. PPP has the higher score in the domain \'rigour of development\'. Among the CPGs appraised, there is no clear recommendation on the type of anti-VEGF therapy to choose.

Intravitreal injection (IVI) of a drug allows for immediate intraocular concentrations of active ingredients higher than those obtained by intravenous injection while reducing the risk of systemic side effects. Today, IVI\'s play a central role in the treatment of many vitreoretinal diseases. With the aging of the population and the advent of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists, their indications have increased exponentially, creating structural, organizational and economic difficulties. IVI is now one of the most widely performed medical procedures in industrialized countries, and its indications are expected to expand further in the near future with the development of new molecules. Although the overall safety of this practice is proven, an IVI exposes the patient to a 0.05 % risk of endophthalmitis, the consequences of which are often dramatic. This article details the current recommendations, in particular regarding asepsis and antisepsis, and proposes a typical sequence for performing an IVI.

BACKGROUND: Retinal diseases, including wet or dry age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), are underdiagnosed and undertreated in the United States. Clinical trials support the effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies for several retinal conditions, but real-world data suggest underuse by clinicians, resulting in patients experiencing poorer visual outcomes over time. Continuing education (CE) has demonstrated effectiveness at changing practice behaviors, but more research is needed to understand whether CE can help address diagnostic and treatment gaps.
METHODS: This test and control matched pair analysis examined pre-/post-test knowledge of retinal diseases and guideline-based screening and intervention among 10,786 healthcare practitioners (i.e., retina specialists, ophthalmologists, optometrists, primary care providers, diabetes educators, pharmacists/managed care specialists, and other healthcare providers, such as registered nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) who participated in a modular, interactive CE initiative. An additional medical claims analysis provided data on practice change, evaluating use of VEGF-A inhibitors among retina specialist and ophthalmologist learners (n = 7,827) pre-/post-education, compared to a matched control group of non-learners. Outcomes were pre-/post-test change in knowledge/competence and clinical change in application of anti-VEGF therapy, as identified by the medical claims analysis.
RESULTS: Learners significantly improved knowledge/competence scores on early identification and treatment, identifying patients who could benefit from anti-VEGF agents, using guideline-recommended care, recognizing the importance of screening and referral, and recognizing the importance of early detection and care for DR (all P-values = 0.003 to 0.004). Compared with matched controls, learners\' incremental total injections for anti-VEGF agents for retinal conditions increased more after the CE intervention (P < 0.001); specifically, there were 18,513 more (new) anti-VEGF injections prescribed versus non-learners (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: This modular, interactive, immersive CE initiative resulted in significant knowledge/competence gains among retinal disease care providers and changes in practice-related treatment behaviors (i.e., appropriate consideration and greater incorporation of guideline-recommended anti-VEGF therapies) among participating ophthalmologists and retina specialists compared to matched controls. Future studies will utilize medical claims data to show longitudinal impact of this CE initiative on treatment behavior among specialists and impact on diagnosis and referral rates among optometrists and primary care providers who participate in future programming.

Background In mainland China, patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) have approximately an 40% prevalence of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). This disease leads to recurrent retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED), extensive subretinal or vitreous hemorrhages, and severe vision loss. China has introduced various treatment modalities in the past years and gained comprehensive experience in treating PCV.Methods A total of 14 retinal specialists nationwide with expertise in PCV were empaneled to prioritize six questions and address their corresponding outcomes, regarding opinions on inactive PCV, choices of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) monotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) monotherapy or combined therapy, patients with persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) or intraretinal fluid (IRF) after loading dose anti-VEGF, and patients with massive subretinal hemorrhage. An evidence synthesis team conducted systematic reviews, which informed the recommendations that address these questions. This guideline used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach to assess the certainty of evidence and grade the strengths of recommendations. Results The panel proposed the following six conditional recommendations regarding treatment choices. (1) For patients with inactive PCV, we suggest observation over treatment. (2) For treatment-na?ve PCV patients, we suggest either anti-VEGF monotherapy or combined anti-VEGF and PDT rather than PDT monotherapy. (3) For patients with PCV who plan to initiate combined anti-VEGF and PDT treatment, we suggest later/rescue PDT over initiate PDT. (4) For PCV patients who plan to initiate anti-VEGF monotherapy, we suggest the treat and extend (T&E) regimen rather than the pro re nata (PRN) regimen following three monthly loading doses. (5) For patients with persistent SRF or IRF on optical coherence tomography (OCT) after three monthly anti-VEGF treatments, we suggest proceeding with anti-VEGF treatment rather than observation. (6) For PCV patients with massive subretinal hemorrhage (equal to or more than four optic disc areas) involving the central macula, we suggest surgery (vitrectomy in combination with tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) intraocular injection and gas tamponade) rather than anti-VEGF monotherapy. Conclusions Six evidence-based recommendations support optimal care for PCV patients\' management.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of low vision and even blindness in the elderly. With the aging of our population, the number of AMD patients will continue to rise. In the past decade, the rapid development of ocular fundus imaging technology has provided a new perspective and approach for the classification, diagnosis and follow-up of AMD. The advent of new drugs has provided more diverse intervention and treatment methods for AMD, especially for neovascular AMD, and the emphasis on accurate and individualized treatment has put forward higher requirements for retinal specialists. Therefore, based on the latest evidence-based medical information, combined with the international guidelines and the current situation of China\'s social and economic development, experts from the Chinese Vitreo-Retinal Society of Chinese Medical Association, the Fundus Disease Group of Chinese Ophthalmologist Association, and the National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases gave recommendations around eight clinical problems and formed China\'s guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AMD. With the implementation of these guidelines, we can standardize the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of AMD in China. (This article was published ahead of print on the official website of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology on April 6, 2023).
年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）是老年人群低视力乃至失明的主要原因，随着我国人口老龄化加剧，AMD的患病人数将持续上升。近10年，眼底影像学检查技术飞速发展，为AMD的分型、诊断和随访提供了新的视角和途径，新药的开发为AMD尤其新生血管性AMD提供了更为多样的干预和治疗方法，而强调精准个体化治疗对眼底病医师提出了更高要求。为此，中华医学会眼科学分会眼底病学组、中国医师协会眼科医师分会眼底病学组与国家眼部疾病临床医学研究中心基于最新循证医学证据，结合国际指南和我国社会经济发展现状，围绕8个临床问题提出推荐意见，形成了我国的AMD临床诊疗指南，以期加强和完善我国AMD诊疗工作的规范化，提高我国AMD的诊疗、预防和随访水平。（本文于2023年4月6日优先出版在中华眼科杂志官网）.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world, and 5-year survival rate of metastatic breast cancer is about 20%. The treatment of metastatic breast cancer is mainly chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy. However, after multiline treatment, patients with MBC especially the triple negative breast cancer face the problem of drug resistance. Tumor angiogenesis theory suggests that blocking angiogenesis can inhibit tumor growth and migration. Based on this, angiogenesis treatment strategy is proposed. Antiangiogenic drugs mainly include biological macromolecular drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and small molecule VEGFR inhibitors. Angiogenesis is known to play a key role in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Therefore, anti-angiogenetic therapy has potential in metastatic breast cancer patients. Since the approval of tumor drug indications by NPMA in China is often later than the release of the latest research data, the National Health Commission issued \"the guiding principles for the clinical application of new antitumor drugs\" in 2020. The principle pointed out that under special circumstances such as the absence of better treatment, medical institutions should manage the usage of drugs that are not clearly defined in the instructions but have evidence-based data. Based on the latest research progress in breast cancer, the consensus writing expert group collated published reports, international academic conferences, conducted analysis, discussion and summary, collected data on the use of small molecule anti-vascular targeting drugs for advanced breast cancer, and formulated \"expert consensus on the application of small molecule anti-angiogenic drugs in the treatment of advanced breast cancer\" . For clinicians\' reference only.
乳腺癌是全世界发病率最高的恶性肿瘤，晚期乳腺癌患者5年生存率仅为20%。晚期乳腺癌的治疗以化疗、内分泌治疗和靶向治疗为主，但经多线治疗后患者容易对药物产生耐药，特别是三阴性晚期乳腺癌。肿瘤血管生成学说认为阻断血管生成可以抑制肿瘤生长和迁移。抗血管生成类药物主要包括靶向血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)或血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)的生物大分子药物以及小分子VEGFR抑制剂。血管生成在乳腺癌生长和转移扩散中发挥关键作用，因此，抗血管生成治疗在晚期乳腺癌中也具有临床潜力。中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会于2020年颁布的《新型抗肿瘤药物临床应用指导原则》指出，在尚无更好治疗手段等特殊情况下，医疗机构应当对说明书中未明确、但具有循证医学证据的药品用法进行管理。共识撰写专家组根据国内外乳腺癌研究进展，整理国内外已发表的文献及国际学术大会报道，进行分析、讨论和总结，对小分子抗血管靶向药用于晚期乳腺癌治疗的数据进行汇总，制定了小分子抗血管生成药物治疗晚期乳腺癌超说明书用药专家共识，仅供临床医师参考。.

OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations for the management of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).
METHODS: An Expert Panel conducted a systematic literature review to obtain evidence to guide treatment recommendations.
RESULTS: The panel considered peer-reviewed reports published in English.
CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of metastatic ccRCC should be made using tissue biopsy of the primary tumor or a metastatic site with the inclusion of markers and/or stains to support the diagnosis. The International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium risk criteria should be used to inform treatment. Cytoreductive nephrectomy may be offered to select patients with kidney-in-place and favorable- or intermediate-risk disease. For those who have already had a nephrectomy, an initial period of active surveillance may be offered if they are asymptomatic with a low burden of disease. Patients with favorable-risk disease who need systemic therapy may be offered an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in combination with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI); patients with intermediate or poor risk should be offered a doublet regimen (no recommendation was provided between ICIs or an ICI in combination with a VEGFR TKI). For select patients, monotherapy with either an ICI or a VEGFR TKI may be offered on the basis of comorbidities. Interleukin-2 remains an option, although selection criteria could not be identified. Recommendations are also provided for second- and subsequent-line therapy as well as the treatment of bone metastases, brain metastases, or the presence of sarcomatoid features. Participation in clinical trials is highly encouraged for patients with metastatic ccRCC.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/genitourinary-cancer-guidelines.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly cancer with a rising incidence in the last 20 years. Most patients are diagnosed late when curative treatment is no longer feasible. With the background of chronic liver disease in most patients, the management of HCC becomes more complicated, in which well-preserved liver function is a prerequisite for locoregional or systemic therapies. In 2008, sorafenib became the first systemic agent proven to provide survival benefit for patients with advanced-stage HCC. For nearly a decade, no treatment has succeeded in providing better results than sorafenib. However, numerous advances in systemic therapies have emerged in the last 5 years to fulfill the unmet needs of effective therapeutic options. Several agents have been approved for clinical use after positive results in phase III clinical trials, including lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab, and lastly immune checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor. With various options available, knowledge on the clinical evidence of each drug, their safety profile, as well as the patient characteristics and preferences become mandatory in clinical decision making. The objective of this consensus is to help clinicians, health-care workers, and policy makers in providing best clinical care for HCC patients.

Vascular damage is followed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression at high levels, which is an important mechanism for cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) development. Antiangiogenic agents (Bevacizumab) alleviates brain edema symptoms caused by CRN through inhibiting VEGF and acting on vascular tissue around the brain necrosis area. Many studies have confirmed that Bevacizumab effectively relieves symptoms caused by brain necrosis, improves patients\' performance status and brain necrosis imaging. Considering that the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy is mainly related to the duration of drug action, low-dose antiangiogenic agents can achieve favorable efficacy. Prevention is the best treatment. The occurrence of CRN is associated with tumor-related factors and treatment-related factors. By controlling these factors, CRN can be effectively prevented.
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【中文题目：抗血管药物治疗放射性脑坏死专家共识】 【中文摘要：血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）的高水平表达是放射性脑坏死（cerebral radiation necrosis, CRN）发生的重要机制。抗血管生成药物（贝伐珠单抗）通过抑制VEGF，作用于脑坏死区域周围的血管组织，减轻CRN引起的脑水肿。许多研究证实贝伐珠单抗可有效缓解脑坏死症状，改善患者的体力状况评分以及减轻影像学上脑水肿范围。抗血管治疗的疗效主要与药物作用时长相关，低剂量抗血管药物即可达到较好的治疗效果。预防是最好的治疗，CRN的发生与肿瘤相关因素和治疗相关因素相关，通过控制两方面因素，可有效预防CRN。
】 【中文关键词：放射性脑坏死；抗血管生成药物；贝伐珠单抗；专家共识】.