Renal metastasis of breast angiosarcoma is rare. This article reports the medical records of a patient diagnosed with breast angiosarcoma who underwent radical mastectomy and was found to have multiple lung metastases 3 years after surgery and renal pelvic metastasis 4 years after surgery. The patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy and sleeve resection of the intramural segment of the ureter, and postoperative pathology and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of renal pelvic metastasis of breast angiosarcoma. The patient received anlotinib for lung metastases following surgery and was followed up for 4 months after surgery. Currently, the patient has symptoms of coughing and hemoptysis but no other discomfort. The diagnosis and treatment of this rare malignant tumor remain challenging.

Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Metastasis occurs at all stages of tumor development, with unexplored changes occurring at the primary site and distant colonization sites. The growing understanding of the metastatic process of tumor cells has contributed to the emergence of better treatment options and strategies. This review summarizes a range of features related to tumor cell metastasis and nanobased drug delivery systems for inhibiting tumor metastasis. The mechanisms of tumor metastasis in the ideal order of metastatic progression were summarized. We focus on the prominent role of nanocarriers in the treatment of tumor metastasis, summarizing the latest applications of nanocarriers in combination with drugs to target important components and processes of tumor metastasis and providing ideas for more effective nanodrug delivery systems.

UNASSIGNED: Annexin A1 (annexin I, ANXA1), the first discovered member of the annexin superfamily, plays important roles in tumor development, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis and drug resistance based on tumor type-specific patterns of expression. The acquisition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics is an essential mechanism of metastasis because they increase the mobility and invasiveness of cancer cells. Cancer invasion and metastasis remain major health problems worldwide. Elucidating the role and mechanism of ANXA1 in the occurrence of EMT will help advance the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Hence, this review aims to attract everyone\'s attention to the important role of ANXA1 in tumors and provide new ideas for clinical tumor treatment.
UNASSIGNED: The PubMed database was mainly used to search for various English research papers and reviews related to the role of ANXA1 in tumors and EMT published from November 1994 to April 2022. The search terms used mainly include ANXA1, EMT, tumor, cancer, carcinoma, and mechanism.
UNASSIGNED: This article mainly provides a summary of the roles of ANXA1 and EMT in tumor metastasis as well as the various mechanisms via which ANXA1 facilitates the occurrence of EMT, thereby affecting tumor metastasis. In addition, the expression of ANXA1 in different metastatic tumor cell lines and its roles in tumorigenesis and development are also elaborated. This article has found many tumorous therapeutic targets related to ANXA1 and EMT, further confirming that ANXA1 has a huge potential for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of certain cancers.
UNASSIGNED: Both the abnormal expression of ANXA1 and the occurrence of EMT are closely related to the invasion and metastasis of tumors, and more interestingly, ANXA1 can impact EMT directly or indirectly by mediating signaling pathways and adhesion among cells. We need more studies to elucidate the effects of ANXA1 on tumor invasion, migration and metastasis through EMT in vitro and in vivo clearly, and ultimately in patients to identify more therapeutic targets.

UNASSIGNED: To determine the incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) and other pathologies in cervical lymphadenopathies in Somalia and accompanying radiological findings.
UNASSIGNED: In this hospital-based retrospective study, the demographic characteristics, pathology results and radiological findings of 263 patients who underwent ultrasound (US)-guided cervical lymph node biopsy between January 2016 and February 2020 were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: Of 241 patients 118 men and 123 women (mean age 27.9 ± 18.1 years) included in the study, 46.1% (n = 111) were diagnosed as necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis (caseified, consistent with TBL) and 21.6% (n = 12, atypical lymphoid cells and n = 40, metastases) as malignancy. The most common type of metastasis was squamous cell cancer (n = 31), and the primary source of most of them was esophageal cancer (16/31, 51.6%). The age of patients with TBL was significantly lower than that of non-TBL (21.9 ± 14.6 vs. 41.9 ± 24.6, P = 0.003) and the incidence of TBL in pediatric patients was statistically higher (58.0% vs. 21.5%, P = 0.019). The rate of patients with TBL being localized at level 4 and level 5 was significantly more than non-TBL patients (18.0% vs. 10.0% and 23.4% vs. 10.8%, respectively, P = 0.01). Half of patients with TBL who have chest radiography had pathological findings; consolidation and bronchopneumonia were present in 52.6% of them. There were 2 patients with paravertebral abscess and one patient with gastrointestinal tuberculosis.
UNASSIGNED: In Somalia, in the presence of cervical lymphadenopathy, after diagnosis by using US-guided biopsy; primarily considering of TBL and malignancy, thoracic involvement should be investigated, and esophageal carcinoma must be excluded in terms of metastatic lymph node.

Urokinase‑type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) serves as the receptor for uPA and the uPA‑uPAR complex initiates the extracellular matrix degradation cascade. In cancer, aberrantly elevated uPAR expression is associated with invasion and metastasis, as well as cancer proliferation and survival, thereby rendering uPAR an effective marker for prognosis and a target for therapy. Although uPAR is transiently expressed at limited amounts in normal tissues and certain non‑cancer pathological processes, their underlying mechanisms do not overlap with those of tumorigenesis. The present review summarized the fundamental function, signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies, particularly immunotherapy targeting uPAR, as well as its differential roles in non‑cancer and cancer tissues, to objectively evaluate whether this classic molecular pathway is of enduring research value for future study.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, which can metastasize to other organs and has a high mortality rate. Previous studies have shown that angiogenic factors can contribute to tumor growth, development, and metastasis by altering the tumor microenvironment (TME). These angiogenic factors include a wide range of molecules, and in contrast, anti-angiogenic factors also inhibit angiogenesis and inhibit tumor growth. Evidence suggests that an imbalance between angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors leads to angiogenesis, facilitating the migration of tumor cells from the source tissue in the breast to other organs such as the lung, liver, bone, and brain. By supplying blood through these neomicrovascular vessels, the nutrients and oxygen needed to grow tumor cells are provided. Due to the significant anti-tumor role of anti-angiogenesis factors, cancer researchers have always considered these molecules, and it is believed that anti-angiogenesis factors can be employed in cancer treatment approaches. This review discusses the role of anti-angiogenesis agents in breast cancer pathogenesis and reviews therapeutic approaches based on anti-angiogenesis factors.

Vascular endothelial cells, forming the inner wall of the blood vessels, participate in the body\'s pathological and physiological processes of immunity, tumors, and infection. In response to an external stimulus or internal pathological changes, vascular endothelial cells can reshape their microenvironment, forming a \"niche\". Current research on the vascular endothelial niche is a rapidly growing field in vascular biology. Endothelial niches not only respond to stimulation by external information but are also decisive factors that act on neighboring tissues and circulating cells. Intervention through the vascular niche is meaningful for improving the treatment of several diseases. This review aimed to summarize reported diseases affected by endothelial niches and signal molecular alterations or release within endothelial niches. We look forward to contributing knowledge to increase the understanding the signaling and mechanisms of the vascular endothelial niche in multiple diseases.

Exosomes are a type of vesicle that are secreted by cells, with a diameter of 40‑100 nm, and that appear as a cystic shape under an electron microscope. Exosome cargo includes a variety of biologically active substances such as non‑coding RNA, lipids and small molecule proteins. Exosomes can be taken up by neighboring cells upon secretion or by distant cells within the circulatory system, affecting gene expression of the recipient cells. The present review discusses the formation and secretion of exosomes, and how they can remodel the tumor microenvironment, enhancing cancer cell chemotherapy resistance and tumor progression. Exosome‑mediated induction of tumor metastasis is also highlighted. More importantly, the review discusses the manner in which exosomes can change the metabolism of cancer cells and the immune system, which may help to devise novel therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. With the development of nanotechnology, exosomes can also be used as biomarkers and for the delivery of chemical drugs, serving as a tool to diagnose and treat cancer.

Malignant tumors are often exposed to hypoxic and glucose-starved microenvironments. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor that is stimulated during energy-deficient conditions and protects cells from hypoxic injury by regulating metabolism. AMPK-related protein kinase 5 (ARK5) is a member of the catalytic sub-unit of the AMPK family and has an important role in energy regulation and hypoxia. ARK5 is regulated by Akt and liver kinase B1 and is associated with numerous tumor-related molecules to exert the negative effects of tumors. Studies have revealed ARK5 overexpression in cases of tumor invasion and metastasis and a positive association with the degree of cancer cell malignancy, which is regarded as a key element in determining cancer prognosis. Furthermore, ARK5 downregulation improves drug sensitivity through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway, indicating that it may be a potential therapeutic target. In other non-cancer conditions, ARK5 has various roles in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer\'s and Huntington\'s disease), renal disorders (diabetic nephropathy and renal fibrosis) and physiological processes (striated muscle generation). In the present review, the upstream and downstream molecular pathways of ARK5 in cancer and other diseases are described and potential therapeutic strategies are discussed.

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a long non‑coding RNA molecule with a closed loop structure lacking a 5\'cap and 3\'tail. circRNA is stable, difficult to cleave and resistant to RNA exonuclease or RNase R degradation. circRNA molecules have several clinical applications, especially in tumors. For instance, circRNA may be used for non‑invasive diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. Exosomes play a crucial role in the development of tumors. Exosomal circRNA in particular has led to increased research interest into tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Additionally, exosomal circRNA plays a role in cell‑cell communication. Exosomal circRNA facilitates tumor metastasis by altering the tumor microenvironment and the pre‑metastatic niche. Additionally, studies have revealed the mechanism by which exosomal circRNA affects malignant progression through signal transduction. Moreover, exosomal circRNA promotes tumor metastasis by regulating gene expression, RNA transcription and protein translation. In this review, the biological features and clinical application of exosomal circRNA are described, highlighting the underlying mechanisms through which they regulate tumor metastasis. The application of circRNA as clinical diagnostic biomarkers and in the development of novel therapeutic strategies is also discussed.