马尔尼菲塔拉酵母(TSM)是东南亚和中国南部特有的温度依赖性双态真菌。随着TSM感染风险的人数不断增加,临床表现越来越复杂,给临床管理带来挑战。在这项研究中,我们分析了2017年1月1日至2022年12月31日在中国南方诊断为TSM感染的99例患者(71例人类免疫缺陷病毒[HIV]阳性,28例HIV阴性)的病历,并比较了HIV阳性和HIV阴性患者的临床表现.大多数患者(83/99,84%)为男性。皮肤和软组织受累的发生率(48%vs.21%,P=.016);弥散性血液循环感染,造血,淋巴管,消化道,或中枢神经系统受累(69%vs.36%,P=.002);和消化道出血(33%vs.9%,P=0.023)在HIV阳性组中高于HIV阴性组。HIV阳性组的丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平也显着较高(31[26-42]vs.14[11-16]U/l,P<.001)和ALT/天冬氨酸转氨酶比率(1.9[1.5-2.2]vs.1.3[1.1-1.6]、P=.006)比HIV阴性组。诊断时间(5.5±1.1vs.5.1±1.4天,P=.103),抗真菌治疗方案(P=0.278),病死率(20%vs.21%,P=.849),和复发/再感染率(11%vs.19%,P=.576)在HIV阳性和HIV阴性组之间没有显着差异。抗逆转录病毒治疗依从性差(OR=26.19,95CI3.26-210.70,P=0.002),高龄(OR=1.13,95CI1.03-1.23,P=.010),爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒共感染(OR=37.13,95CI3.03-455.64,P=0.005)是HIV阳性患者TSM感染全因死亡的独立危险因素。总的来说,主要的感染部位,临床表现,TSM感染的并发症因HIV状况而异。然而,及时诊断和适当治疗,TSM感染的HIV阳性患者与HIV阴性患者的结局相似。
临床特征存在一定差异,感染部位,以及有和没有人类免疫缺陷病毒的个体之间马尔尼菲塔拉酵母感染的相关并发症。有必要准确识别高危人群,以便及时诊断和标准化治疗。
Talaromyces marneffei (TSM) is a temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus endemic to Southeast Asia and southern China. As the number of people at risk of TSM infection continues to increase, the clinical manifestations are becoming increasingly complex, posing challenges for clinical management. In this
study, we analyzed the medical records of 99 patients (71 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-positive and 28 HIV-negative) diagnosed with TSM infection from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022, in southern China and compared the clinical manifestations in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Most patients (83/99, 84%) were male. The incidence of skin and soft tissue involvement (48% vs. 21%, P = .016); disseminated infection with blood circulation, hematopoietic, lymphatic, alimentary, or central nervous system involvement (69% vs. 36%, P = .002); and gastrointestinal bleeding (33% vs. 9%, P = .023) was higher in the HIV-positive group than the HIV-negative group. The HIV-positive group also had significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (31 [26-42] vs. 14 [11-16] U/l, P < .001) and ALT/aspartate transaminase ratio (1.9 [1.5-2.2] vs. 1.3 [1.1-1.6], P = .006) than the HIV-negative group. The time to diagnosis (5.5 ± 1.1 vs. 5.1 ± 1.4 days, P = .103), antifungal regimen (P = .278), case fatality rate (20% vs. 21%, P = .849), and relapse/reinfection rate (11% vs. 19%, P = .576) did not differ significantly between the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups. Poor antiretroviral therapy adherence (OR = 26.19, 95%CI 3.26-210.70, P = .002), advanced age (OR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.03-1.23, P = .010), and Epstein-Barr virus co-infection (OR = 37.13, 95%CI 3.03-455.64, P = .005) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality from TSM infection in HIV-positive patients. Overall, the predominant infection sites, clinical manifestations, and complications of TSM infection differed by HIV status. However, with prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, HIV-positive patients with TSM infection can have similar outcomes to HIV-negative patients.
There are certain differences in the clinical features, sites of infection, and associated complications of
Talaromyces marneffei infection between individuals with and without human immunodeficiency virus. It is necessary to accurately identify individuals at high risk to enable prompt diagnosis and standardized treatment.