目的:钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白-2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)抑制剂被推荐作为2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)患者二甲双胍后口服抗糖尿病药物(OADs)的首选。心力衰竭(HF),慢性肾病(CKD)。它们通常比其他OAD昂贵许多倍。这是一项模拟分析,用于评估高风险患者处方中假设的替代/增加的增量成本增加和风险降低。方法使用具有确定的心血管(CV)或肾脏疾病或高危因素的T2DM患者的处方进行成本-效果分析的简单模拟。具有证实的益处/安全性的SGLT-2和DPP-IV抑制剂被替换或添加以代替其他OAD。计算了治疗费用的增量,从心血管结局试验(CVOTs)和真实世界研究推断预期的危害降低.计算了增量成本效益比(ICER)。结果对351例患者的处方进行分析,平均年龄为58.04±8.67岁。当使用糖尿病处方药物的零售价格中位数计算时,发现每位患者糖尿病药物治疗的年度平均获取成本为原始处方的印度国家卢比(INR)8,964.4。在方案中用一种SGLT-2抑制剂代替其他OAD后,达格列净的成本增加到12,265卢比(增长36.8%),和26,718卢比和29,419卢比(增加约200%),分别,Canagliflozin和empagliflozin.在计算ICER时,达格列净替代治疗预防1例全因死亡的额外费用为660,020-25,384,369印度卢比;依格列净替代治疗2,223,326印度卢比和卡格列净替代治疗8,069,818印度卢比.用于预防使用达格列净替代的HF住院的ICER为1,320,040-1,435,543印度卢比;4,010,706印度卢比与empagliflozin和5,548,000印度卢比与canagliflozin。为了预防三点主要不良心脏事件(3P-MACE),达格列净替代需要2,062,562卢比,以及3,146,861印度卢比和3,859,478印度卢比与依格列净和卡格列净,分别。添加SGLT-2抑制剂后,各种结局的增量成本更高,如果也用西格列汀/利格列汀替代,则成本更高。对于各种结果和药物,治疗所需的数字也进行了计算,范围从35到1,831。结论虽然使用SGLT-2和DPP-IV抑制剂的建议得到了来自CVOT和现实世界数据的证据的充分支持。对于印度背景下的大多数结果,每次事件减少的增量成本相当高。Dapagliflozin,作为更便宜的通用版本,似乎对大多数结果最有效。就为防止重大事件而分配的价值而言,解释是主观的。
Objectives Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are recommended as preferred add-on oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) after metformin among type 2 diabetes mellitus (
T2DM) patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). They are generally many folds costlier than other OADs. This is a simulatory analysis to assess the incremental cost escalation and risk reduction with their hypothetical substitution/addition in prescriptions of high-risk patients. Methods A simple simulation of cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using prescriptions of
T2DM patients with established cardiovascular (CV) or renal disease or high-risk factors. SGLT-2 and DPP-IV inhibitors with proven benefits/safety were substituted or added in place of other OADs. Increments in treatment costs were calculated, and the anticipated decrease in hazards was extrapolated from cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) and real-world studies. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated. Results Prescriptions of 351 patients with a mean age of 58.04 ± 8.67 years were analyzed. The median annual acquisition cost of drug therapy for diabetes per patient was found to be Indian national rupee (INR) 8,964.4 for the original prescriptions when calculated using median retail prices of drugs prescribed for diabetes. Upon substituting one of the SGLT-2 inhibitors for the other OADs in the regimen, the cost increased to INR 12,265 (increase by 36.8%) for dapagliflozin, and INR 26,718 and INR 29,419 (increase by ~200%), respectively, for canagliflozin and empagliflozin. Upon calculating the ICERs, additional cost to prevent one all-cause death with dapagliflozin substitution is INR 660,020-25,384,369; INR 2,223,326 with empagliflozin substitution and INR 8,069,818 with canagliflozin substitution. The ICER for prevention of hospitalization with HF with dapagliflozin substitution is INR 1,320,040-1,435,543; INR 4,010,706 with empagliflozin and INR 5,548,000 with canagliflozin. To prevent a three-point major adverse cardiac event (3P-MACE), INR 2,062,562 would be needed with dapagliflozin substitution, and INR 3,146,861 and INR 3,859,478 with empagliflozin and canagliflozin, respectively. Incremental costs for various outcomes were higher with the addition of SGLT-2 inhibitors and significantly more if substitution with sitagliptin/linagliptin was also done. The numbers needed to treat were calculated too and ranged from 35 to 1,831 for various outcomes and drugs. Conclusion While the recommendations for use of SGLT-2 and DPP-IV inhibitors are adequately backed by evidence from CVOTs and real-world data, the incremental costs per event reduction are quite high for most outcomes in the Indian context. Dapagliflozin, being available as cheaper generic versions, appears to be most effective for most outcomes. Interpretations are subjective in terms of value assigned for preventing a major event.