背景:我们研究了患有长期COVID和五种社会脆弱性(费用,employment,食物不足,住房,和保险)。
方法:来自人口普查局家庭脉搏调查(HPS)的数据,详细说明了COVID发病率,持续时间,以及6月1日至11月14日之间的症状,2022年包含广泛性焦虑症(GAD-2)和患者健康问卷(PHQ-2)问卷的版本。焦虑之间的关联,抑郁症,使用广义二项逻辑回归评估了经历长期COVID的不同种族和族裔受访者之间的五种社会脆弱性。结构方程模型测试了社会脆弱性是否介导了种族/民族与焦虑/抑郁之间的途径。
结果:黑人,亚洲人/其他人,与白人相比,患有长期COVID的西班牙裔更有可能报告焦虑和抑郁以及各种社会脆弱性。黑人的焦虑与费用困难显着相关[赔率比(OR)=1.743,95%置信区间(CI)=1.739,1.747],就业(OR=1.519,95%CI=1.516,1.523),和住房(OR=1.192,95%CI=1.19,1.194)。西班牙裔焦虑与食物不足显著相关(OR=1.048,95%CI=1.044,1.052)。黑人的抑郁与费用(OR=1.201,95%CI=1.198,1.205)和就业困难(OR=1.129,95%CI=1.127,1.132)显着相关。中介分析表明,社会脆弱性的数量部分介导了种族与焦虑之间的关联。
结论:这项回顾性研究利用了次要的,观察,来自HPS的自我报告数据。因此,结果在收集它们的上下文之外可能无法推广。
结论:为人口健康量身定制的计划的开发应解决焦虑和抑郁与种族和族裔群体之间社会困难的不同关联。
BACKGROUND: We examined the association between symptoms of anxiety and depression among individuals with long COVID and five social vulnerabilities (expenses, employment, food insufficiency, housing, and insurance).
METHODS: Data from the Census Bureau\'s Household Pulse Survey (HPS) detailing COVID incidence, duration, and symptoms between June 1st and November 14th, 2022 contained versions of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) questionnaires. Associations between anxiety, depression, and the five social vulnerabilities among respondents from different racial and ethnic groups experiencing long COVID were evaluated using generalized binomial logistic regression. Structural equation models tested whether social vulnerabilities mediated the pathway between race/ethnicity and anxiety/depression.
RESULTS: Blacks, Asians/others, and Hispanics with long COVID were significantly more likely to report anxiety and depression and various social vulnerabilities than Whites. Anxiety among Blacks was significantly associated with difficulty with expenses [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.743, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.739, 1.747], employment (OR = 1.519, 95 % CI = 1.516, 1.523), and housing (OR = 1.192, 95 % CI = 1.19, 1.194). Anxiety among Hispanics was significantly associated with food insufficiency (OR = 1.048, 95 % CI = 1.044, 1.052). Depression among Blacks was significantly associated with trouble with expenses (OR = 1.201, 95 % CI = 1.198, 1.205) and employment (OR = 1.129, 95 % CI = 1.127, 1.132). Mediation analysis showed that the number of social vulnerabilities partially mediated the association between race and anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study utilized secondary, observational, self-reported data from the HPS. Therefore, results may not be generalizable outside of the context in which they were collected.
CONCLUSIONS: The development of tailored programs for population health should address the differential associations of anxiety and depression with social difficulties among racial and ethnic groups.