贝类是丰富的矿物质来源,B-维生素和欧米茄-3到人类饮食。到2050年,全球人口预计将达到96亿,对贝类的需求将增加,收获将持续改善。大多数消耗的贝类的生产是基于海洋的,因此容易受到原位环境条件和水质的影响。人口增长促进了城市化的扩展以及进入水生环境的废水和废物的产生,暴露于未经处理的废水或不适当丢弃的废物可能污染海产品。环境污染物作为微塑料(MP),药物(PHAR)和潜在有毒污染物(PTE)正在所有营养级中被识别,并且是对贝类和消费者安全的当前威胁。免疫毒性,遗传毒性,生育率降低,PTE的死亡率和生物蓄积性是在受污染的贝类中已经建立的各种影响的代表性例子。在人类中,食用受污染的贝类会导致神经和发育影响,生殖和胃肠道疾病,在极端情况下,死亡。这一及时的审查提供了对国会议员存在的见解,PHAR和PTE在贝类,并估计消费行为的每日摄入量和危害商。解决了包含降低风险的海鲜净化的替代方法,从爱尔兰共和国的角度反映最先进的知识。对最佳出版文献的回顾显示,国会议员,在商业化的贝类物种中检测到PHAR和PTE污染物,比如Crassostrea和Mytilus.广泛的体外研究证明了贝类由于摄食特性而积累这些污染物的能力。然而,缺乏关于这些污染物在水生环境中的分布的知识,它们与人类的相互作用。包括风险评估在内的预防措施对于保护贝类行业和消费者是必要的。
Shellfish are a rich source of minerals, B-vitamins and omega-3 to the human diet. The global population is expected to reach 9.6 billion people by 2050 where there will be increased demand for
shellfish and for sustained improvements in harvesting. The production of most consumed species of
shellfish is sea-based and are thus susceptible to in situ environmental conditions and water quality. Population growth has contributed to expansion of urbanization and the generation of effluent and waste that reaches aquatic environments, potentially contaminating seafood by exposure to non-treated effluents or inappropriately discarded waste. Environmental contaminants as microplastics (MP), pharmaceuticals (PHAR) and potentially toxic contaminants (PTE) are being identified in all trophic levels and are a current threat to both shellfish and consumer safety. Immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, fertility reduction, mortality and bioaccumulation of PTE are representative examples of the variety of effects already established in contaminated shellfish. In humans, the consumption of contaminated shellfish can lead to neurological and developmental effects, reproductive and gastrointestinal disorders and in extreme cases, death. This timely review provides insights into the presence of MP, PHAR and PTE in
shellfish, and estimate the daily intake and hazard quotient for consumption behaviours. Alternatives approaches for seafood depuration that encompass risk reduction are addressed, to reflect state of the art knowledge from a Republic of Ireland perspective. Review of best-published literature revealed that MP, PHAR and PTE contaminants were detected in commercialised species of shellfish, such as Crassostrea and Mytilus. The ability to accumulate these contaminants by
shellfish due to feeding characteristics is attested by extensive in vitro studies. However, there is lack of knowledge surrounding the distribution of these contaminants in the aquatic environment their interactions with humans. Preventive approaches including risk assessment are necessary to safeguard the shellfish industry and the consumer.