BACKGROUND: A splenic artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare pathology that occurs mainly secondary to pancreatitis, abdominal trauma, peptic ulcers, pancreatic and gastric cancers, and infections. It is best diagnosed using computed tomography angiography and typically treated using endovascular embolization and, in some cases, open or laparoscopic surgery. In this report, we present a case of a ruptured mycotic splenic artery pseudoaneurysm containing Histoplasma capsulatum, which to our knowledge is the first case to report a mycotic splenic artery pseudoaneurysm of this nature.
METHODS: We report a case of a 42-year-old white male with past medical history of Hepatitis C and IV drug abuse who presented to the Emergency Department with a 24-h history of severe diffuse abdominal pain. He was tachycardic and peritonitic on exam. Work-up demonstrated leukocytosis and lactic acidosis. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast showed hemoperitoneum and active extravasation of contrast from the splenic artery into the splenic hilum, associated with a surrounding hematoma measuring 5.3 × 5.0 cm, concerning for ruptured splenic artery pseudoaneurysm. The patient was taken emergently for exploratory laparotomy, where a large intraperitoneal hematoma was evacuated. A ruptured splenic artery pseudoaneurysm was identified, isolated, and controlled, followed by completion splenectomy. Final pathology demonstrated a 3.0 × 1.3 × 0.3 cm pseudoaneurysm wall and a 14 × 9.5 × 5.5 cm spleen containing multiple necrotizing granulomata positive for the presence of Histoplasmosis species. The patient recovered appropriately and was discharged on post-operative day five.
CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates a successful approach to a ruptured mycotic splenic artery pseudoaneurysm resulting in a positive outcome. It is a unique case as it highlights, to our knowledge, the first report of splenic artery aneurysm secondary to Histoplasma capsulatum infection. This report helps further the understanding of the pathophysiology as well as the natural history of mycotic splenic pseudoaneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Although visceral aneurysms are relatively rare, it can be life-threatening in case it ruptures. We report a case of Mirizzi syndrome accompanied by a pseudoaneurysm that ruptured into the gallbladder.
METHODS: The patient was a 73-year-old woman with persistent gastrointestinal bleeding and progressive jaundice. Examination revealed a pseudoaneurysm in the gallbladder artery or hepatic artery branch, and biliary hemorrhage due to gallbladder perforation was suspected. Urgent abdominal angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm measuring 50 × 32 mm that had ruptured directly from the right hepatic artery or the cystic artery into the gallbladder. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully coiled and the bleeding was stopped. The presence of ongoing obstruction due to Mirizzi syndrome resulted in an emergency cholecystectomy being performed on the same day. On removing the impacted gallstone from the neck of the gallbladder, we found an obstruction between the lateral wall of the common bile duct and the gallbladder, this condition was diagnosed as Mirizzi syndrome with a biliobiliary fistula. After removing the impacted gallstone, a T-tube was inserted into the common bile duct. Bile leakage was observed postoperatively, but it improved with drainage. The patient fully recovered.
CONCLUSIONS: We present our experience with a case of Mirizzi syndrome accompanied by a ruptured pseudoaneurysm successfully treated with coil embolization followed by cholecystectomy. In this case, the pseudoaneurysm may have been caused by inflammation due to cholecystitis or compression of the arterial wall by a gallstone. To the best of our knowledge, Mirizzi syndrome associated with pseudoaneurysm rupture is rare. Our study suggested that cholecystectomy preceded by transcatheter arterial embolization is an effective strategy to control bleeding in patients with hemobilia due to aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: We report an exceedingly rare case of bilateral external iliac artery pseudoaneurysms causing urinary obstruction and acute renal failure.
METHODS: A young man presented with acute severe bilateral testicular pain radiating to the back. Clinical and radiological workup showed bilateral external iliac artery pseudoaneurysms, which caused bilateral ureterohydronephrosis due to urinary obstruction with subsequent renal failure. Management included immediate bilateral external iliac artery endovascular repair and bilateral ureterolysis using a retroperitoneal approach, with resolution of the obstruction and successful endovascular treatment of both pseudoaneurysms. The only identifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease was cocaine addiction.
CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights an unusual and severe clinical presentation of bilateral EIA pseudoaneurysms causing bilateral ureterohydronephrosis and subsequent renal failure. Awareness of this condition may help avoid misdiagnosis and delayed management, which is of utmost importance for a favorable outcome.

Pancreatic pseudocyst is a common complication of pancreatitis. Pseudocysts may require decompression when they become painful, infected, or start compressing surrounding organs. Decompression is achieved by endoscopic cystogastrostomy. Recently, the use of lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) for cystogastrostomy has gained popularity due to ease of use and high technical success. LAMS has a wider lumen, which allows for direct endoscopic necrosectomy in the cases of walled-off necrosis. Our patient is a 30-year-old male who presented with massive hematemesis and dizziness. He had a history of chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Three weeks before the presentation, he underwent a cystogastrostomy with LAMS placement to treat a 10-cm walled-off necrosis. Urgent computed tomography (CT) scan did not reveal any acute finding suggestive of bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed blood protruding from the LAMS with a large clot formation. Attempts to stop bleeding were unsuccessful. He underwent CT angiography of the abdomen. CT angiography showed a bleeding pseudoaneurysm (PA) believed to be a complication of the LAMS. Subsequently, multiple coils were placed in the splenic artery near the PA. The patient continued to improve without a further drop in hemoglobin and was eventually discharged. PA formation and subsequent rupture is a rare delayed complication of LAMS. It may lead to massive gastrointestinal bleeding with a high mortality rate. Diagnostic delays have resulted in increased mortality by 60%. In this article, we present a case of massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to a ruptured splenic artery PA presenting as a delayed complication of LAMS.