口服避孕药(OCA)已经使用了二十多年,而目前,1.5亿至2亿妇女正在使用这些制剂。除了他们的妇科影响,激素已被证明会影响许多代谢和营养过程,一些有利的和其他不利的。对食用OCA的女性营养状况的担忧促使了这项审查。研究了八种维生素和三种矿物质。避孕类固醇的摄入被证明会降低六种营养素的生理水平(核黄素,吡哆醇,叶酸,维生素B12,抗坏血酸和锌),提高其他三种物质的水平(维生素K,铁和铜),并且一种(α生育酚)几乎没有变化,而另一种(维生素A)则有疑问。结论是,食用OCA的女性应特别注意维生素和矿物质的摄入,如果有必要,消耗所需营养的生理补充剂。
评估关于OCs(口服避孕药)和矿物质代谢的影响的知识状态。文献综述表明,OCs降低了维生素B2或核黄素的水平,维生素B6或吡哆醇,叶酸,维生素B12,维生素C,或者抗坏血酸,锌和提高维生素K的水平,铜,和铁。摄入OCs对维生素E的影响很小,或者α-生育酚.关于摄入OC对维生素A的影响的研究结果是模糊的。OC使用者的血清维生素A水平比非使用者高50%-80%;然而,OC使用者可能比非使用者更需要维生素A。OC使用者对核黄素的需求也可能更高。OC使用者需要更多的吡哆醇,需要核黄素将磷酸吡哆醇氧化为磷酸吡哆醛。大多数研究支持使用OC导致维生素B6缺乏的论点。使用OCs6个月或更长时间的所有女性中约有80%经历了异常的色氨酸代谢。为了纠正这个问题,每天25毫克,或正常每日需求的12倍,是需要的。一些研究人员建议给女性服用这种剂量,经历色氨酸代谢异常的人,而其他人则警告说,这种高剂量的长期影响是未知的。大多数调查人员建议OC用户,维生素B12或维生素C缺乏,应该补充维生素。
Oral contraceptives agents (OCA) have been in use for more than two decades, and at the present time, 150 to 200 million women are using the preparations. Apart from their gynecologic influence, the hormones have been shown to affect a number of metabolic and nutritional processes, some advantageously and others disadvantageously. Concern over the nutritional status of females consuming OCA prompted this
review. Eight vitamins and three minerals were investigated. Contraceptive steroid ingestion was shown to depress the physiologic levels of six nutrients (riboflavin, pyridoxine, folacin, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid and zinc), elevate the levels of three others (vitamin K, iron and copper) and provide little or no change in one (alpha tocopherol) and questionable increases in another (vitamin A). It was concluded that females consuming OCA should pay particular attention to vitamin and mineral intake and, if warranted, consume physiologic supplements of needed nutrients.
The state of knowledge concerning the effects of OCs (oral contraceptives) and mineral metabolism is assessed. A
review of the literature indicates that OCs depress the levels of Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine, folacin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, zinc and elevate levels of Vitamin K, copper, and iron. The ingestion of OCs produces little effect on Vitamin E, or alpha tocopherol. Findings on the effects of OC ingestion on Vitamin A are ambiguous. OC users have 50%-80% higher serum levels of Vitamin A than nonusers; however, OC users may have a greater need for Vitamin A than nonusers. The need for riboflavin may also be higher for OC users. OC users need more pyridoxine and riboflavin is needed to oxidize pyridoxine phosphate to pyridoxal phosphate. Most studies support the contention that OC usage leads to a deficiency of Vitamin B6. Approximately 80% of all women using OCs for 6 or more months experience abnormal typtophan metabolism. In order to correct this problem, 25 mg daily, or 12 times the normal daily requirement, is needed. Some investigators recommend givng this dosage to women, who experience abnormal tryptophan metabolism, while others warn that the long-term effects of such high dosages are unknown. Most investigators recommend that OC users, with Vitamin B12 or Vitamin C deficiencies, should be given supplementary vitamins.