有证据表明,睡眠不足和每天摄入咖啡因都会引起灰质(GM)的变化。咖啡因经常用于对抗睡眠不足引起的嗜睡和表现受损。尚不清楚(1)每天使用咖啡因是否可以预防或加剧5天睡眠限制(即慢性睡眠限制,CSR),和(2)对GM可塑性的潜在影响是否取决于腺苷受体可用性的个体差异,参与咖啡因对睡眠和清醒功能的中介作用。36名健康成年人参加了这种双盲,随机化,对照研究(年龄=28.9±5.2y/;F:M=15:21;习惯性咖啡因摄入量<450mg;29个ADORA2Ars5751876纯合C/C等位基因携带者,A2A腺苷受体基因变体)。每位参与者都进行了为期9天的实验室访问,包括一个适应日,2个基线天(BL),5天睡眠限制(5小时卧床时间),和8小时睡眠机会后的恢复日(REC)。19名参与者在5天的CSR(CAFF组)中接受了300毫克咖啡因的咖啡,而17名匹配的参与者接受了脱咖啡因咖啡(DECAF组)。我们在第二个BL日检查了GM的变化,第五届CSR日,和REC日使用磁共振成像和基于体素的形态计量学。此外,我们使用[18F]-CPFPX的正电子发射断层扫描来量化A1腺苷受体(A1R)的基线可用性及其与GM可塑性的关系。对雅可比调制的T1加权图像进行的基于体素的多模态全脑分析的结果表明,咖啡因和CSR在四个大脑区域具有显着的相互作用作用:(a)右颞叶枕骨区域,(b)右背内侧前额叶皮质(DmPFC),(c)左背外侧前额叶皮质(DLPFC),和(d)右丘脑。对这些GM簇的信号强度的事后分析表明,与BL相比,在所有集群中,DECAF组中CSR日的GM增加,但在丘脑中降低。DmPFC,和DLPFC在CAFF组中。此外,较低的基线皮质下A1R可用性预测除了丘脑以外的所有脑区CSR后CAFF组的GM降低幅度更大.总之,我们的数据表明,5天CSR后适应性GM上调,而同时使用咖啡因反而导致转基因减少。缺乏与个体A1R可用性的一致关联可能表明CSR和咖啡因主要通过不同的机制影响丘脑GM可塑性。关于腺苷A2A受体在CSR诱导的GM可塑性中的作用的未来研究是有必要的。
Evidence has shown that both sleep loss and daily caffeine intake can induce changes in grey matter (GM). Caffeine is frequently used to combat sleepiness and impaired performance caused by insufficient sleep. It is unclear (1) whether daily use of caffeine could prevent or exacerbate the GM alterations induced by 5-day sleep restriction (i.e. chronic sleep restriction, CSR), and (2) whether the potential impact on GM plasticity depends on individual differences in the availability of adenosine receptors, which are involved in mediating effects of caffeine on sleep and waking function. Thirty-six healthy adults participated in this double-blind, randomized, controlled
study (age = 28.9 ± 5.2 y/; F:M = 15:21; habitual level of caffeine intake < 450 mg; 29 homozygous C/C allele carriers of rs5751876 of ADORA2A, an A2A adenosine receptor gene variant). Each participant underwent a 9-day laboratory visit consisting of one adaptation day, 2 baseline days (BL), 5-day sleep restriction (5 h time-in-bed), and a recovery day (REC) after an 8-h sleep opportunity. Nineteen participants received 300 mg caffeine in coffee through the 5 days of CSR (CAFF group), while 17 matched participants received decaffeinated coffee (DECAF group). We examined GM changes on the 2nd BL Day, 5th CSR Day, and REC Day using magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry. Moreover, we used positron emission tomography with [18F]-CPFPX to quantify the baseline availability of A1 adenosine receptors (A1R) and its relation to the GM plasticity. The results from the voxel-wise multimodal whole-brain analysis on the Jacobian-modulated T1-weighted images controlled for variances of cerebral blood flow indicated a significant interaction effect between caffeine and CSR in four brain regions: (a) right temporal-occipital region, (b) right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DmPFC), (c) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and (d) right thalamus. The post-hoc analyses on the signal intensity of these GM clusters indicated that, compared to BL, GM on the CSR day was increased in the DECAF group in all clusters but decreased in the thalamus, DmPFC, and DLPFC in the CAFF group. Furthermore, lower baseline subcortical A1R availability predicted a larger GM reduction in the CAFF group after CSR of all brain regions except for the thalamus. In conclusion, our data suggest an adaptive GM upregulation after 5-day CSR, while concomitant use of caffeine instead leads to a GM reduction. The lack of consistent association with individual A1R availability may suggest that CSR and caffeine affect thalamic GM plasticity predominantly by a different mechanism. Future studies on the role of adenosine A2A receptors in CSR-induced GM plasticity are warranted.