(1) Background: It is not known whether different daily dosing schemes have different effects on colistin nephrotoxicity. We examined the effect of once- versus twice- or thrice-daily doses of colistin on renal function. (2) Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients with a baseline glomerular filtration rate ≥ 50 mL/min who received intravenously the same colistin dose once (regimen A), twice (regimen B) or thrice daily (regimen C). The primary endpoint was acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as fulfilment of any of the RIFLE (Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-End stage renal disease) criteria. (3) Results: We included 306 patients; 132 (43.1%) received regimen A, 151 (49.3%) regimen B, and 23 (7.5%) regimen C. Ninety-nine (32.4%) patients developed AKI; there was no difference between regimen A vs. B and C [45 (34.1%) vs. 54 (31.0%), p = 0.57]. In a propensity score−matched cohort, AKI was similar in patients receiving Regimen A, Regimen B, and Regimen C (31.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.78). On logistic regression analysis, diabetes was an independent predictor of AKI (OR = 4.59, 95% CI 2.03−10.39, p = 0.001) while eGFR > 80 mL/min (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.25−0.99, p = 0.048) was inversely associated with AKI. (4) Conclusions: Colistin once daily is not more nephrotoxic than the standard colistin regimens. The only independent predictor of nephrotoxicity was diabetes mellitus, while eGFR > 80 mL/min had a protective effect.

OBJECTIVE: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) affect mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients. There have been few studies examining the prevalence of AKI and mortality after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In the present study, we investigated the association between AKI and mortality in post-cardiac arrest patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
METHODS: Our retrospective analysis included 109 patients, admitted to the ICU following successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation between 2014 and 2016. We compared two scoring systems to estimate mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: AKI were diagnosed in 46.7% (n = 51) of the patients based on the RIFLE criteria and 66.1% (n = 72) using the KDIGO. Mortality rate was significantly higher among patients with AKI diagnosed according to the RIFLE criteria (p = 0.012) and those with AKI diagnosed using KDIGO criteria (p = 0.003). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that both scoring systems were able to successfully detect mortality (Area under the ROC curve = 0.693 for RIFLE and 0.731 for KDIGO).
CONCLUSIONS: AKI increases mortality and morbidity rates after cardiac arrest. Although more renal injury and mortality were detected with KDIGO, the sensitivity and specificity of both scoring systems were similar in predicting mortality in patients with Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC).

Renal involvement in scrub typhus ranges from simple urinary abnormalities to acute kidney injury (AKI) leading to death. This study evaluated the incidence, predictors and prognosis of AKI associated with scrub typhus according to the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage kidney disease) criteria.
We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of patients diagnosed with scrub typhus from January 2001 to November 2013 in Gyeongsang National University Hospital.
During the study period, 510 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus and the incidence of AKI was 35.9%. There were 132 (25.9%) patients at risk, 37 (7.3%) with injury and 14 (2.7%) with failure. In comparison with the non-AKI group, the AKI group was older (73.9 vs 63.4 years, p<0.001) and had more comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI frequently occurs in hypertensive patients taking angiotensin receptor blockers or ACE inhibitors (p=0.002), and in patients with diabetes with higher glycated haemoglobin levels (p=0.033). Haematuria and proteinuria were more frequent in the AKI group. There was no relationship between the severity of proteinuria and occurrence of AKI. Intensive care unit admission and death were more frequent in the AKI group. The renal function of most patients with AKI recovered without sequelae, except for 1 patient who had underlying CKD. Multivariate analysis showed that age, presence of CKD, serum albumin level and time to hospital presentation after symptom onset were independent predictors of AKI in patients with scrub typhus.
Our current results suggest that the presence of underlying CKD, older age, lower serum albumin level and time to hospital presentation after symptom onset were important risk factors to determine occurrence of AKI. Whether earlier diagnosis and treatment in patients with the above risk factors reduce the incidence and severity of AKI deserves to be investigated.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill patients using the RIFLE and AKIN criteria.
METHODS: A prospective, multicenter observational study with a duration of one year from February 2010 was carried out. RIFLE and AKIN were employed using the urinary (UC) and creatinine criteria (CC) jointly and separately.
METHODS: Nine polyvalent Critical Care Units (CCUs) in Argentina.
METHODS: A total of 627 critical patients over 18 years of age were admitted to the CCU for more than 48h.
METHODS: inability to quantify diuresis, surgical instrumentation of the urinary tract, and need for renal support therapy (RST).
METHODS: Calculated hourly diuresis (CHD) was used to apply the UC.
RESULTS: The incidence of ARF was 69.4% and 51.8% according to RIFLE and AKIN, respectively. UC detected ARF in 59.5% of cases, while CC identified ARF in 34.7% (RIFLE) and 25.3% (AKIN). The mortality rate was 40.9% and 44.6% according to RIFLE and AKIN respectively, was significantly higher than in patients without ARF, and increased with disease severity (Data processing: Excel, SQL and SPSS. Levene test, comparison of means with Student t and chi-squared, with 95% confidence interval).
CONCLUSIONS: RIFLE identified more cases of ARF. UC proved more effective than CC. The presence of ARF and severity levels were correlated to mortality but not to days of stay in the CCU. Implementation of the unified CHD was useful for implementing UC and achieving comparable results.

OBJECTIVE: This study is to assess the correlation of risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal failure (RIFLE) classification with hospital mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) obstetric patients and to evaluate the relation of acute kidney injury (AKI) to other risk factors.
METHODS: The 4 stages of RIFLE (nonacute renal failure, risk, injury, and failure) were scored from 0 to 3 points, respectively. The prognostic performance of the RIFLE score was compared to the general ICU models.
RESULTS: AKI occurred in 30 (5.88%) of patients admitted to ICU. The main causes of AKI were hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet syndrome 13 (43%), pregnancy-related hypertension 9 (30%), puerperal sepsis 3 (10%), abruption placentae 2 (6.6%), disseminated intravascular coagulopathy 2 (6.6%), and anesthetic complications 1 (3.3%). According to the RIFLE criteria, patients were classified into Risk (3.3%), Injury (16.6%), Failure (33.3%), and Loss (46.6%). Maternal mortality from total ICU admission occurred in 51 (10%) cases, of these 16 (31.3%) cases were due to AKI. Independent risk factors associated with mortality were hyperbilirubinemia, low levels of HCO3, and RIFLE. Receiver-operator characteristic curves for ICU patients according to RIFLE score showed area under the curve = 0.824.
CONCLUSIONS: The RIFLE classification system could predict the risk of mortality from AKI in obstetric ICU patients and mortality was positively associated with high RIFLE classes.