Traumatic pneumatocele (TP) is a rare complication that can develop in the lungs following a traumatic event. These lesions are sometimes mistaken for congenital airway malformations. Multiple theories exist to explain the pathophysiology of this condition. This case study presents the clinical and radiological findings of a seven-year-old patient diagnosed with pneumatocele on thoracic imaging after a motor vehicle accident. A detailed evaluation of the patient\'s medical history and imaging led to the diagnosis of traumatic pneumatocele. This uncommon presentation, if not well understood, may lead to unnecessary interventions and significant anxiety for patients and their families. Given its rarity, awareness and a high index of suspicion are essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is a rare pulmonary disease characterized by the diffuse proliferation of neuroendocrine cells in the bronchial epithelium. It is considered a preinvasive precursor to carcinoid tumors and usually presents with obstructive symptoms. We present the case of a 71-year-old female, non-smoker, with a past medical history of asthma, osteoarthritis, allergic rhinitis, and hyperlipidemia who was referred to the pulmonology clinic in view of incidental chest CT findings of multiple pulmonary nodules. Physical examination and labs were unremarkable. CT of the chest showed scattered multiple noncalcified pulmonary nodules with a 10 mm dominant nodule in the inferior right middle lobe and several subcentimeter hypodensities in the left and right lobes of the lung. A PET scan confirmed the CT findings along with no abnormal hypermetabolic activity to suggest malignancy. The patient was followed up in the pulmonology clinic at six months, 12 months, and then 18 months. At 18 months owing to a slight increase in the size of the largest lung nodule, a CT-guided biopsy done was conclusive of a carcinoid. The tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM-1), and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). The Ki-67 (Keil) index was <1%. A video-assisted thoracic surgery with right middle lobectomy along with mediastinal lymph node dissection was then done, and the patient was found to have stage pT1aN0 typical carcinoid tumor (1.0 cm), with multiple carcinoid tumors and neuroendocrine hyperplasia, consistent with DIPNECH. She has been under clinical follow-up for over three years at present and continues to be asymptomatic with complete remission following surgery. DIPNECH primarily affects middle-aged, non-smoking females who present with cough and dyspnea, and diagnosis is often delayed due to clinical features overlapping with those of obstructive lung disease. Imaging shows lung nodules, ground-glass opacities, and/or mosaic attenuation. Due to the rarity of the conditions, there are no established clinical trials, and therefore, there is a need to establish guidelines.

Coexisting pulmonary aspergillosis and tuberculosis in a post-COVID-19 patient is rare. Here, we are going to report a case of combined pulmonary aspergillosis and tuberculosis in a 51-year-old female who was previously diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia. The patient was treated with voriconazole and anti-tuberculosis agents.

UNASSIGNED: The use of chronic disease information systems in hospitals and communities plays a significant role in disease prevention, control, and monitoring. However, there are several limitations to these systems, including that the platforms are generally isolated, the patient health information and medical resources are not effectively integrated, and the \"Internet Plus Healthcare\" technology model is not implemented throughout the patient consultation process.
UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of a hospital case management information system in a general hospital in the context of chronic respiratory diseases as a model case.
UNASSIGNED: A chronic disease management information system was developed for use in general hospitals based on internet technology, a chronic disease case management model, and an overall quality management model. Using this system, the case managers provided sophisticated inpatient, outpatient, and home medical services for patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Chronic respiratory disease case management quality indicators (number of managed cases, number of patients accepting routine follow-up services, follow-up visit rate, pulmonary function test rate, admission rate for acute exacerbations, chronic respiratory diseases knowledge awareness rate, and patient satisfaction) were evaluated before (2019-2020) and after (2021-2022) implementation of the chronic disease management information system.
UNASSIGNED: Before implementation of the chronic disease management information system, 1808 cases were managed in the general hospital, and an average of 603 (SD 137) people were provided with routine follow-up services. After use of the information system, 5868 cases were managed and 2056 (SD 211) patients were routinely followed-up, representing a significant increase of 3.2 and 3.4 times the respective values before use (U=342.779; P<.001). With respect to the quality of case management, compared to the indicators measured before use, the achievement rate of follow-up examination increased by 50.2%, the achievement rate of the pulmonary function test increased by 26.2%, the awareness rate of chronic respiratory disease knowledge increased by 20.1%, the retention rate increased by 16.3%, and the patient satisfaction rate increased by 9.6% (all P<.001), while the admission rate of acute exacerbation decreased by 42.4% (P<.001) after use of the chronic disease management information system.
UNASSIGNED: Use of a chronic disease management information system improves the quality of chronic respiratory disease case management and reduces the admission rate of patients owing to acute exacerbations of their diseases.

Amyloidosis is a pathological deposition disease that causes a spectrum of organ dysfunction. Pulmonary involvement is generally associated with immunoglobulin light chain type (AL) amyloid. Transthyretin (ATTR) amyloid build up in the lung is thought to be a senile disease observed usually as a finding at autopsy. We describe a case of pulmonary ATTR amyloidosis with concurrent mycobacterial tuberculosis infection.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously referred to as Wegener\'s granulomatosis, is an uncommon form of necrotizing vasculitis that predominantly targets small and medium-sized blood vessels as a result of granulomatous inflammation. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is defined by the existence of necrotizing granulomas in the upper respiratory tract, along with renal involvement, which includes necrotizing glomerulonephritis with extra capillary crescents. From a diagnostic perspective, there is a high correlation between GPA and proteinase-3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (PR3-ANCA) because of the release of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lytic enzymes. While ANCA-positive serology is commonly used as the diagnostic criteria, we present a seronegative GPA case with isolated lung lesions. A 54-year-old woman was referred for an assessment of hemoptysis and alterations in her chest radiograph. The patient\'s laboratory results showed a positive QuantiFERON test but negative results for ANCA and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) tests. A chest CT scan showed the presence of several pulmonary nodules in both lungs, with some cavitation. A CT-guided biopsy was conducted on a nodule located in the lower lobe of the right lung. The results showed that the nodule had non-neoplastic chronic inflammation and an area of geographic necrosis. A second robotic-assisted left upper and lower lobe wedge resection was done, which showed white to tan granular lesions with necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and lymph nodes with anthracosis and a lot of histiocytes, which is typical of GPA. The patient received a six-month course of intravenous rituximab treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in accordance with prior history of COVID-19 infection.
BACKGROUND: Since the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic much discussion has been had on the possible role it might play on global efforts to combat TB; most, focusing on the pandemic\'s impact on health care systems\' capabilities to manage TB cases. Mechanisms have also been proposed by which the COVID-19 infection may directly affect individuals\' chance of developing TB infection. Cases have been reported with a history of COVID-19 infection preceding a diagnosis of TB, evidencing its possible role as a risk factor for the disease.
METHODS: A case-control study was conducted enrolling patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB in the absence of major risk factors previous history of TB, (HIV) human immunodeficiency virus infection), end-stage renal disease, organ transplants, and use of immunosuppressive agents) for developing TB. Each patient was age and sex matched with one healthy control. Data regarding prior COVID-19 infection, diabetes, and smoking status as well as the use of corticosteroids and Tocilizumab for the treatment of COVID-19 infection was obtained. Bivariate analysis was conducted and variables with a likely association with TB status were entered in a multivariate model.
RESULTS: Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between prior COVID-19 infection and TB (95% confidence interval = 1.1-22.8, odds ratio [OR] = 5). Among other variables the severity of COVID-19 infection was found to have a likely association with TB status (p = .125). In a multivariate model, prior COVID-19 infection per se, was not found to be significantly associated with TB (p = .12, OR = 4.5).
CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be an association between prior history of COVID-19 and a future diagnosis of TB partially linked to the severity of disease. The findings of the current study may serve as a basis for further studies to determine the need for and efficacy of measures to follow-up COVID-19 patients at an increased risk for developing TB.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, previously considered a rare condition, have been increasingly identified in asymptomatic patients over the past 2 decades. Usually congenital and associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, these fistulae result in right-to-left shunting of blood by abnormal communication of pulmonary arteries and veins lacking capillary beds. Clinical findings of right-to-left shunting in the presence of feeding and draining vessels identified on imaging confirm the diagnosis, for which the first-line therapy is embolization. This report highlights the presentation and management of a large asymptomatic PAVM detected incidentally in a patient who was lost to follow-up for 10 years and represented with acute hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to a viral infection with an interval increase of PAVM size.

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UNASSIGNED: TB is a well-recognized cause of pulmonary infection. Empyema Necessitans is a rare complication of untreated empyema, mainly caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects immunocompromised individuals.
UNASSIGNED: We present a case of 28 years old gentleman, Sudanese, with intermittent fever, non-productive cough, weight loss and night sweats. Chest X-ray then CT chest revealed a large right pleural collection invading the chest wall. Chest tube was inserted, fluid analysis was taken, and a bronchoscopy was done. A diagnosis of Empyema Necessitans was confirmed and patient was started on anti-TB regimen with clinical improvement.
UNASSIGNED: Empyema Necessitans is a severe disease, complicating pulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis can be a challenge. Surgical and medical approaches are both crucial in the treatment of EN. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and diagnosis of this rare but aggressive condition particularly in TB endemic area.