背景:与认知结果相关的绿色空间和蓝空间研究领域正在迅速发展。已经发表了一些关于这个主题的系统评价,但没有一个是特定于整个年龄段儿童的认知结果。此外,除了绿色空间,他们中只有少数人研究了蓝空间的影响。此外,论文综述只关注观察性研究或实验性研究。我们的系统评价重点关注0-18岁儿童和青少年与绿色空间和蓝色空间相关的认知结果;它涵盖了观察性和实验性研究。认知结果是根据基于证据的人类认知能力分类法提出的:卡特尔-霍恩-卡罗尔(CHC)理论。
方法:我们在PubMed和PsychInfo数据库中进行了搜索,从成立日期到2021年12月17日。我们使用了与结果相关的三个文本术语,暴露,和人口以及结果和人口的MeSH术语。Further,在2022年4月21日之前,我们搜索了参考列表和现有综述(\"雪球\"搜索),以检测更多研究.对于结果报告,我们遵循了系统评价和荟萃分析首选报告项目(PRISMA)的更新指南.我们纳入了与认知功能有关的绿色空间或蓝色空间暴露的观察和实验研究,以英文出版,德语,或波兰语。两名评审员独立检查研究资格并提取数据。两名审稿人根据健康评估和翻译办公室(OHAT)工具评估了偏见的风险。在所有阶段,通过与第三位审稿人讨论,解决了两位审稿人之间的差异。
结果:对从PubMed(n=2030)和PsycINFO(n=1168)鉴定的记录进行去重复和筛选。首次选择了21份报告。“滚雪球”搜索显示了另外16份报告。总之,发表在37份报告中的39项研究(17项实验性研究和22项观察性研究)合格。数据提取表明,研究中使用的方法是异质的,结果不一致。大多数研究调查了注意力功能,根据CHC理论,我们将其细分为两类:注意控制,反应和决策速度(12项研究)和注意控制和处理速度(10项研究)。11项研究调查了工作记忆和/或短期记忆,我们将其归类为CHC工作记忆容量。九项研究调查了智力功能,我们归类为CHC一般能力,流体推理,和理解知识。两项研究调查了视觉空间技能,我们将其归类为CHC视觉处理和精神运动速度。一项研究测量了父母报告的注意力;两项研究检查了儿童早期/认知发展;三项研究检查了决策和自我调节,这可以归类为几种CHC理论能力。
结论:纳入研究的异质性不能为我们的综述提供明确的结论。根据以前的系统审查,与其他认知领域相比,绿色空间和蓝色空间与认知功能的特定领域的相关性并不大,未检测到年龄或暴露评估类型对自然和认知之间关联的影响。需要进一步的研究,包括最先进的认知结果评估和观察和实验方法中的不同暴露评估方法。在几个领域需要专业知识,比如环境流行病学,认知心理学,和神经心理学。系统评价注册号(INPLASY):202220018。
BACKGROUND: The field of greenspace and bluespace research in relation to cognitive outcomes is rapidly growing. Several systematic reviews have already been published on this topic but none of them are specific to cognitive outcomes in the entire age range of children. Moreover, only a few of them have examined the effects of bluespace in addition to greenspace. Also, theses reviews are focused either only on observational studies or experimental studies. Our systematic
review focuses on cognitive outcomes in relation to greenspace and bluespace in children and adolescents aged 0-18; it captures both observational and experimental studies. Cognitive outcomes are presented according to an evidence-based taxonomy of human cognitive abilities: the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory.
METHODS: We conducted searches in the PubMed and PsychInfo databases, from their inception dates to 17 December 2021. We used three-text terms related to outcome, exposure, and population as well as MeSH terms for outcome and population. Further, the reference lists and existing reviews were searched (\"snowball\" search) until 21 April 2022 to detect additional studies. For the results reporting, we followed the updated guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA). We included observational and experimental studies on greenspace or bluespace exposure in relation to cognitive functioning, published in English, German, or Polish. Two reviewers independently checked study eligibility and extracted data. Two reviewers evaluated the risk of bias according to the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool. At all stages, discrepancies between the two reviewers were solved via discussion with a third reviewer.
RESULTS: Records identified from PubMed (n = 2030) and PsycINFO (n = 1168) were deduplicated and screened. Twenty one reports were first selected. The \"snowball\" search revealed 16 additional reports. Altogether, 39 studies (17 experimental and 22 observational) published in 37 reports were qualified. The data extraction showed that the methodology used in the studies was heterogenous and the findings were inconsistent. The majority of the studies investigated attentional functioning, which we subdivided into two categories according to the CHC theory: attentional control and reaction and decision speed (12 studies) and attentional control and processing speed (10 studies). Eleven studies investigated working memory and/or short-term memory that we categorized as CHC working memory capacity. Nine studies investigated intellectual functioning, which we categorized as CHC general ability, fluid reasoning, and comprehension-knowledge. Two studies investigated visual-spatial skills, which we categorized as CHC visual processing and psychomotor speed. One study measured parent-reported attention; two studies examined early childhood/cognitive development; three studies examined decision-making and self-regulation, which can be categorized as several CHC theory abilities.
CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of the included studies does not permit clear conclusions for our
review. In accordance with previous systematic reviews, greenspace and bluespace were not more strongly related to a particular domain of cognitive functioning than other cognitive domains, and no effects of age or type of exposure assessment on the association between nature and cognition were detected. Further research is needed, including state-of-the-art of assessment of cognitive outcomes and diverse exposure assessment methods within both observational and experimental approaches. Expertise will be required in several domains, such as environmental epidemiology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Systematic
review registration number (INPLASY): 202220018.