■上下文因素,例如参与者/实验者的性行为可能会缓和安慰剂效应。我们测试了参与者和实验者对实验诱发的疼痛和相关压力的性别调节安慰剂效应。
■在采用受试者内部和混合设计的两个实验中,调查(i)参与者性别和(ii)实验者性别是否会影响安慰剂镇痛和主观和生理压力,分别。安慰剂效应在疼痛报告中进行了研究,压力,还有血压.
■参与者接受了疼痛刺激和安慰剂乳膏。在实验一(N=59)中,参与者随机接受安慰剂条件(PC)和自然史条件(NHC)。在PC中应用安慰剂乳膏,然后秘密降低热刺激温度。在NHC中给予相同的刺激,但是没有奶油,没有信息,没有降低温度。实验二,参与者(N=93)被随机分为三组,分别接受安慰剂乳膏和暗中降低的电刺激强度(安慰剂,PG),安慰剂乳膏(乳膏对照,CCG)在不改变刺激的情况下,或者降低强度,但没有奶油(疼痛控制,PCG)采用混合设计。两个实验中的所有参与者在后测试中都接受与预测试相同的刺激。实验一的四个实验者(两个女性),实验2中的五名实验者(两名女性)进行了研究。
■对疼痛没有安慰剂效应。然而,对压力有安慰剂效应,由参与者和实验者性别调节:在实验1中,与NHC中的男性相比,PC中的男性舒张压(DBP)较低。当女性测试时,与NHC相比,PC参与者的DBP较低。实验二,参与者期望当女性实验者施用乳膏时更有效,并且在女性测试时,与PCG相比,PG中的压力较低。
■我们的发现强调了安慰剂对疼痛和相关压力的区别。其次,女性实验者记录了较低的生理和主观压力,更高的有效性期望,与男性实验者相比,两性的疼痛更低。讨论了未能找到疼痛安慰剂效应的可能原因。
UNASSIGNED: Contextual factors, such as participant/experimenter sex may moderate the placebo effects. We tested whether the participant and experimenter sex modulated placebo effects on experimentally induced pain and associated stress.
UNASSIGNED: To investigate if (i) participant sex and (ii) experimenter sex influence placebo analgesia and subjective and physiological stress in two experiments employing a within-subjects and a mixed design, respectively. Placebo effects were investigated in pain
reports, stress, and blood pressure.
UNASSIGNED: Participants received painful stimulations and a placebo cream. In Experiment One (N = 59) participants underwent a placebo condition (PC) and a natural history condition (NHC) in random order. A placebo cream was applied in the PC and then the heat stimulation temperature was surreptitiously lowered. Identical stimulations were administered in the NHC, but with no cream, no information, and no lowered temperature. In Experiment Two, participants (N = 93) were randomly assigned to three groups receiving either a placebo cream with surreptitiously lowered intensity of electric stimuli (Placebo, PG), a placebo cream (Cream-Control, CCG) without changing the stimuli, or lowered intensity, but with no cream (Pain-Control, PCG) in a mixed design. All participants in both experiments received the same stimuli in the post-test as in the pre-test. Four experimenters (two females) in Experiment One, and five experimenters (two females) in Experiment Two conducted the studies.
UNASSIGNED: No placebo effect was seen on pain. However, there were placebo effects on stress, moderated by participant and experimenter sex: in Experiment One males in the PC had lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to males in the NHC. Participants in the PC had lower DBP compared to the NHC when tested by a female. In Experiment Two, participants expected more cream effectiveness when a female experimenter administered it, and reported lower stress in the PG compared to the PCG when tested by females.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings highlight a distinction between placebo effects on pain and on associated stress. Secondly, female experimenters recorded lower physiological and subjective stress, higher effectiveness expectations, and lower pain from both sexes compared to male experimenters. Possible reasons for the failure to find a pain placebo effect are discussed.