背景:推动当前大麻产品商业化的主要成分是植物大麻素,来自大麻植物的100多种亲脂性次生代谢产物。虽然许多植物大麻素表现出药理作用,最关注的是Δ9-四氢大麻酚(THC)和大麻二酚,两种最丰富的植物大麻素,它们潜在的人类应用。尽管结构相似,四氢大麻酚和大麻二酚在精神功效方面存在差异,THC诱导显著的心理改变。有一个明确的需要准确和快速的THC测量方法,提供可靠的,容易接近,和具有成本效益的分析信息。这篇评论全面介绍了替代技术的现状,这些技术可能有助于创建适合现场使用或用作个人监视器的便携式设备,启用非侵入式THC测量。
方法:使用PubMed等电子数据库进行了2017年至2023年关于检测生物流体中THC的便携式技术和商业产品开发的文献调查,Scopus,谷歌学者。使用系统的首选报告项目对现有文献进行了系统审查。评论和荟萃分析(PRISMA)指南。
结果:89项研究符合选择标准。57项同行评审的研究与分析实验室中使用的常规分离技术检测THC有关,这些技术仍然被认为是黄金标准。还鉴定了使用光学(n=12)和电化学(n=13)便携式传感器和生物传感器以及市售装置(n=7)的研究。
结论:THC检测技术的前景主要由免疫测定测试形成,由于其既定的可靠性。然而,这些方法有明显的缺点,特别是定量分析。电化学传感技术具有克服量化挑战的巨大潜力,并具有众多优势,包括小型化和各种修改的可能性,以扩大灵敏度和选择性。然而,这些传感器有相当大的局限性,包括非特异性相互作用和生物流体中存在的化合物和物质的潜在干扰。
结论:THC检测的首要挑战涉及创建既稳定又持久的电化学传感器,同时表现出卓越的选择性,最小的非特异性相互作用,降低了对矩阵干扰的敏感性。在这些传感器能够成功地引入市场之前,需要解决这些方面。
BACKGROUND: The primary components driving the current commercial fascination with cannabis products are
phytocannabinoids, a diverse group of over 100 lipophilic secondary metabolites derived from the cannabis plant. Although numerous
phytocannabinoids exhibit pharmacological effects, the foremost attention has been directed towards Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol, the two most abundant
phytocannabinoids, for their potential human applications. Despite their structural similarity, THC and cannabidiol diverge in terms of their psychotropic effects, with THC inducing notable psychological alterations. There is a clear need for accurate and rapid THC measurement methods that offer dependable, readily accessible, and cost-effective analytical information. This
review presents a comprehensive view of the present state of alternative technologies that could potentially facilitate the creation of portable devices suitable for on-site usage or as personal monitors, enabling non-intrusive THC measurements.
METHODS: A literature survey from 2017 to 2023 on the development of portable technologies and commercial products to detect THC in biofluids was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A systematic
review of available literature was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic. Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.
RESULTS: Eighty-nine studies met the selection criteria. Fifty-seven peer-reviewed studies were related to the detection of THC by conventional separation techniques used in analytical laboratories that are still considered the gold standard. Studies using optical (n = 12) and electrochemical (n = 13) portable sensors and biosensors were also identified as well as commercially available devices (n = 7).
CONCLUSIONS: The landscape of THC detection technology is predominantly shaped by immunoassay tests, owing to their established reliability. However, these methods have distinct drawbacks, particularly for quantitative analysis. Electrochemical sensing technology holds great potential to overcome the challenges of quantification and present a multitude of advantages, encompassing the possibility of miniaturization and diverse modifications to amplify sensitivity and selectivity. Nevertheless, these sensors have considerable limitations, including non-specific interactions and the potential interference of compounds and substances existing in biofluids.
CONCLUSIONS: The foremost challenge in THC detection involves creating electrochemical sensors that are both stable and long-lasting while exhibiting exceptional selectivity, minimal non-specific interactions, and decreased susceptibility to matrix interferences. These aspects need to be resolved before these sensors can be successfully introduced to the market.