Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by severe infection in children, but cases of sepsis associated with human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) have been rarely reported in newborns.
We report a case of HPIV-3 positive full-term newborn admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Beijing Children\'s Hospital due to hematuria, gloomy spirit, inactivity and loss of appetite for 6 h. He had septic shock when he arrived the Accident & Emergency Department requiring immediate intubation and mechanical ventilation. Intravenous antibiotics were started. He had completely negative response to all anti-shock treatments including fluid resuscitation and vasopressor supports, and died 14 h later. Viral nucleic acid detection and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) analyses of nasopharyngeal aspirate and blood specimens verified an HPIV-3 infection, with negative bacterial culture results. The HPIV-3 strain detected in this patient was subtyped as HPIV C3a, and two unreported amino acid mutations were found in the HN protein region.
The patient had a severe infection associated with HPIV-3, which was the cause of sepsis and septic shock. This study showed the diagnostic value of mNGS in etiological diagnosis, especially in severe neonatal case.

Disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an infrequent condition with considerable morbidity and mortality in adult patients. It requires a high level of suspicion and diagnosis emerges by gathering clinical information, laboratory exams and images studies. ADEM is related to an immunological phenomena occurring after a bacterial/viral infection or recent vaccination. Glucocorticoids are the first line treatment, reserving immunoglobulins and plasmapheresis to refractory cases. We report a male patient aged 25, with ADEM associated to parainfluenza 3 virus respiratory infection that required mechanical ventilation and that had a complete recovery only after plasmapheresis.

A 35-year-old Japanese woman was admitted with coma following flu-like symptoms. She was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis and fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) and received intravenous infusion of insulin and saline. The next day, the ketoacidosis disappeared, and she recovered consciousness. However, extensive ST-segment elevations in the electrocardiogram appeared with a positive troponin test, and the patient developed pulmonary edema on day 3. An echocardiogram showed globally reduced wall motion of the left ventricle and mild pericardial effusion. Despite medical therapy with intravenous furosemide, carperitide, and catecholamines, her cardiac function deteriorated rapidly, with the left ventricular ejection fraction decreasing to 26% within 7 hours, and progressed to cardiogenic shock that afternoon. The patient received mechanical circulatory support for 4 days with intra-aortic balloon pumping and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support, and recovered fully from circulatory failure. A paired serum antibody test showed a significantly elevated titer against parainfluenza-3 virus, indicating a diagnosis of fulminant viral myocarditis. She was discharged on multiple daily insulin injection therapy, and her subsequent clinical course has been uneventful. In summary, we present a case of concurrent FT1D and fulminant viral myocarditis. Parainfluenza-3 viral infection was confirmed serologically and was considered to be a cause of both the FT1D and fulminant myocarditis.

Parainfluenza virus type 3(PIV-3) commonly causes respiratory tract infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. The majority of PIV-3 infections develop in patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors. From these patients, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and/or lung biopsies are often collected and sent for evaluation of infectious processes. However, cytologic findings associated with a PIV-3 infection in BAL fluid have not been reported in the literature. We describe BAL cytology and lung biopsy findings in a patient who received an HSCT from a related donor and subsequently developed a PIV-3 infection. This patient was noted to have scattered reticular-nodular opacities in both lungs on computed tomogram scan and underwent transbronchial biopsy and BAL of the left lower lobe. Examination of the BAL fluid revealed scattered multinucleated giant cells intermixed with inflammatory cells. The lung biopsy showed organizing pneumonia associated with several multinucleated respiratory epithelial cells containing rare intracytoplasmic inclusions. Gram, periodic acid Schiff, Gomori methenamine silver, and acid fast stains on the biopsy specimen failed to reveal microorganisms. A sample of the BAL fluid sent for respiratory viral culture grew PIV-3. These findings suggest that the presence of giant cells in transplant patients with organizing pneumonia should raise suspicion of a PIV-3 infection.

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A 67-year old man visited our hospital because of cough and sputum. Chest radiograph revealed various consolidations of the bilateral lung fields. Eosinophilic pneumonia was diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy speciments. The clinical course and the treatment with corticosteroids improved chest radiographic findings quickly confirmed the diagnosis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Based upon the significant elevation and variation of serum parainfluenza virus (PIV) 3 antibody titer, it was suggested that PIV 3 caused the chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.

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