Stroke is a cerebrovascular illness that brings about the demise of brain tissue. It is the third most prevalent cause of mortality worldwide and a significant contributor to physical impairment. Generally, stroke is triggered by blood clots obstructing the brain\'s blood vessels, or when these vessels rupture. And, the cognitive impairment\'s evaluation and detection after stroke is crucial research issue and significant project. Thus, the objective of this work is to explore an potential neuroimage tool and find their EEG biomarkers to evaluate and detect four cognitive impairment levels after stroke. In this study, power density spectrum (PSD), functional connectivity map, and one-way ANOVA methods were proposed to analyze the EEG biomarker differences, and the number of patient participants were thirty-two human including eight healthy control, mild, moderate, severe cognitive impairment levels, respectively. Finally, healthy control has significant PSD differences compared to mid, moderate and server cognitive impairment groups. And, the theta and alpha bands of severe cognitive impairment groups have presented consistent superior PSD power at the right frontal cortex, and the theta and beta bands of mild, moderated cognitive impairment (MoCI) groups have shown significant similar superior PSD power tendency at the parietal cortex. The significant gamma PSD power difference has presented at the left-frontal cortex in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) groups, and severe cognitive impairment (SeCI) group has shown the significant PSD power at the gamma band of parietal cortex. At the point of functional connectivity map, the SeCI group appears to have stronger functional connectivity compared to the other groups. In conclusion, EEG biomarkers can be applied to classify different cognitive impairment groups after stroke. These findings provide a new approach for early detection and diagnosis of cognitive impairment after stroke and also for the development of new treatment options.

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common neuropsychiatric complication that affects approximately one-third of stroke patients. The treatment and prognosis of this disease are poor. Socioeconomic status (SES) is closely related to health outcomes; however, only a few previous studies have focused on the association between SES and PSD. Given the substantial population of stroke patients in China, it is crucial to examine the potential risk factors associated with PSD. Conducting studies on this population and investigating the influence of economic conditions can provide valuable guiding theoretical insights into PSD prevention and management.
METHODS: We used data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and selected appropriate samples for analysis. Depression was estimated using the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10, a validated tool for assessing depression in the general population. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the association between SES and PSD and to evaluate any urban-rural differences.
RESULTS: Of the 749 respondents, 370 (49.4%) had depression. Stroke patients with a middle school education demonstrated a greater risk of developing depression than those with a primary school education or below after adjusting for all control variables (odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-2.51, P = 0.036). However, stroke patients with a high school education or above had a lower risk of developing depression than those with a primary school education or below (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28-0.88, P = 0.016). In rural areas, stroke patients with a high school or above education level had lower rates of depression than those with a primary school education or below (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21-0.91, P = 0.027). This difference was not significant in urban areas.
CONCLUSIONS: SES significantly influences the occurrence of PSD, which is reflected by education attainment and annual household expenditures. Education attainment was an independent influence on PSD, with a more pronounced effect in rural versus urban areas. We hope to reduce the prevalence of PSD and enhance the comprehensive management of this disease by modifying the influencing factors. Sex, self-reported health status, activities of daily living, night-time sleep duration, and life satisfaction also influenced the occurrence of PSD.

UNASSIGNED: Deformity of the spinal column after trauma could lead to pain, impaired function, and may sometimes necessitate extensive and high-risk surgery. This \'condition\' has multiple terms and definitions that are used in research and clinics. A specific term and definition of this condition however is still lacking. A uniform and internationally accepted term and definition are necessary to compare cases and treatments in the future.
UNASSIGNED: Reach consensus on the term and definition of this deformity after spine trauma using a Delphi approach.
UNASSIGNED: An \'all-rounds invitation\' Delphi process was used in this study among a group of international experts. The first round consisted of an online survey using input from preparatory studies, a typical clinical case and ICD-11 codes. The second round showed the results in-person and discussion was encouraged. Participants voted for rejection of certain terms. In the third round the final vote took place. When >80 % of the votes was for or against a term the term was rejected or accepted.
UNASSIGNED: Response rate was high (≥84 %). The 3 Delphi rounds were completed. Unanimous voting led to the acceptance of the term and abbreviation as PSD. Deformity in any plane, pain, impaired function, and neurological deficit, were deemed important to include in the definition of PSD.
UNASSIGNED: Unanimous consensus was reached on \'Posttraumatic spinal deformity: Condition where a trauma to the spine results in a deformity in any plane and results in pain and an impaired function with or without a neurological deficit.\'

Although post-stroke depression (PSD) is known to disrupt motor rehabilitation after stroke, PSD is often undertreated and its relationship with motor impairment remains poorly understood.
In a longitudinal study design we investigated, which factors at the early post-acute stage may increase the risk for PSD symptoms. We were especially interested in whether interindividual differences in the motivational drive to engage in physically demanding tasks indicate PSD development in patients suffering from motor impairments. Accordingly, we used a monetary incentive grip force task where participants were asked to hold their grip force for high and low rewards at stake to maximize their monetary outcome. Individual grip force was normalized according to the maximal force prior to the experiment. Experimental data, depression, and motor impairment were assessed from 20 stroke patients (12 male; 7.7 ± 6.78 days post-stroke) with mild-to-moderate hand motor impairment and 24 age-matched healthy participants (12 male).
Both groups showed incentive motivation as indicated by stronger grip force for high versus low reward trials and the overall monetary outcome in the task. In stroke patients, severely impaired patients showed stronger incentive motivation, whereas early PSD symptoms were associated with reduced incentive motivation in the task. Larger lesions in corticostriatal tracts correlated with reduced incentive motivation. Importantly, chronic motivational deficits were preceded by initially reduced incentive motivation and larger corticostriatal lesions in the early stage post-stroke.
More severe motor impairment motivates reward-dependent motor engagement, whereas PSD and corticostriatal lesions potentially disturb incentive motivational behavior, thereby increasing the risk of chronic motivational PSD symptoms. Acute interventions should address motivational aspects of behavior to improve motor rehabilitation post-stroke.

UNASSIGNED: PSD is a syndrome that occurs after a stroke, which manifests as a series of depressive symptoms and corresponding physiological symptoms. Relevant studies have shown that the drug therapy is often accompanied by drug side effects and patient resistance. Acupuncture has attracted attention as a treatment method without adverse reactions of patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism of action of acupuncture in PSD.
UNASSIGNED: Download depression and stroke datasets from public databases. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the key gene targets related to stroke and depression. Functional enrichment analysis assesses important pathways. Further screen PSD-related biological pathways and genes. After the experimental model was established, the expression differences of key genes and related pathways were compared between the model group and the control group through acupuncture treatment and qPCR verification.
UNASSIGNED: Depression and stroke-related genes were obtained by bioinformatics methods, and then important biological processes and biological pathways related to depression and stroke were analyzed by GO and KEGG. And further screen out the disease targets closely related to PSD. In the follow-up animal experiments, we confirmed that acupuncture can intervene on these key pathways and targets, and then play a role in the targeted therapy of diseases.
UNASSIGNED: The results of this study show that five genes (\"NRBP1\", \"SIRT1\", \"BDNF\", \"MAPK3\", \"CREB1\".) and key biological pathways such as NFkB, PI3K/AKT activation, and MAPK are the keys to the occurrence and development of PSD biomarkers, which can also be therapeutically intervened by acupuncture.

OBJECTIVE: There are several reported studies on the incidence of adjacent segment disease (ASD) after lumbar fusion surgery; however, the incidence of ASD after decompression surgery has not been well studied. In this study the authors aimed to investigate the incidence of progressive segment degeneration (PSD) at the decompression and adjacent segments 5 years after minimally invasive lumbar decompression surgery.
METHODS: We investigated data from 168 patients (mean age, 69.5 ± 9.2 years) who underwent bilateral microscopic or microendoscopic decompression surgery via a unilateral approach and were followed up for more than 5 years. Outcomes were self-reported visual analog scale (VAS) scores for low-back pain, leg pain, and leg numbness and physician-assessed Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores for back pain. Changes in the disc height and movement of the adjacent lumbar segments were compared using preoperative and 5-year postoperative lateral full-length standing whole-spine radiographic images. PSD was defined as loss of disc height > 3 mm and progression of anterior or posterior slippage > 3 mm. The incidence and clinical impact of PSD were investigated.
RESULTS: The mean JOA score improved significantly in all patients from 13.4 points before surgery to 24.1 points at the latest follow-up (mean recovery rate 67.8%). PSD at the decompression site was observed in 43.5% (73/168) of the patients. The proportions of patients with loss of disc height > 3 mm and slippage progression were 16.1% (27/168) and 36.9%, respectively (62/168: 41 anterior and 21 posterior). The proportion of patients with PSD at the adjacent segment was 20.5% (35/168), with 5.4% (9/168) of the patients with loss of disc height > 3 mm and 16.0% (27/168: 13 anterior and 14 posterior) with slippage progression. There was no significant difference in the clinical outcomes between patients with and those without PSD.
CONCLUSIONS: Radiological ASD was observed even in the case of decompression surgery alone. However, there was no correlation with symptom deterioration, measured by the VAS and JOA scores.

In this work, the textural parameters of graphene oxide (GO) and graphite (Gr) samples were determined. The non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) kernels were used to evaluate the pore size distribution (PSD) by modeling the pores as slit, cylinder and slit-cylinder. The PSD results were compared with the immersion enthalpies obtained using molecules with different kinetic diameter (between 0.272 nm and 1.50 nm). Determination of immersion enthalpy showed to track PSD for GO and graphite (Gr), which was used as a comparison solid. Additionally, the functional groups of Gr and GO were determined by the Boehm method. Donor number (DN) Gutmann was used as criteria to establish the relationship between the immersion enthalpy and the parameter of the probe molecules. It was found that according to the Gutmann DN the immersion enthalpy presented different values that were a function of the chemical groups of the materials. Finally, the experimental and modeling results were critically discussed.

OBJECTIVE: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric disorders associated with stroke characterized by depression. The neuroplasticity hypothesis postulates that loss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a major role in pathophysiology of PSD, and restoration of it may represent a critical mechanism underlying antidepressant efficacy.
METHODS: In previous studies, we designed a new fusion gene, HA2TAT-BDNF, and cloned it into adenovirus associated virus (AAV) to construct the BDNF-HA2TAT/AAV for the delivery of BDNF to central nervous system (CNS) via nose-brain pathway. In this study, we used it to explore the antidepressant effects on PSD rats through behavioral and various histological methods, and try to find out its specific mechanism.
RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the PSD+AAV group showed decreased sucrose consumption percentage in the sucrose preference test (SPT) (P < 0.001) and prolonged immobility in the forced swimming test (FST) (P=0.000). However, the nasal administration of BDNF-HA2TAT/AAV reversed results of these two behavioral tests (P>0.05, P >0.05), showing an adequate antidepressant effect. Compared with the control group, the concentrations of BDNF mRNA and protein in the hippocampus (P< 0.05, P < 0.01) and prefrontal cortex (P < 0.01, P < 0.01) of PSD rats both decreased. Increased BDNF mRNA and protein expression was observed in the prefrontal cortex (P > 0.05, P < 0.05), without notable change in the hippocampus (P < 0.05, P < 0.001) of PSD+BDNF rats.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that BDNF reductions in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are associated with the development of post-stroke depression, and that increased levels of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex could be used as a therapeutic target to treat PSD. However, the exact mechanism of BDNF action remains unclear in this regard, hindering the wider application of our method. We expect that our research could facilitate the exploration of pathogenesis and the new treatment method of PSD.

BACKGROUND: A depression following a stroke (Post Stoke Depression-PSD) is the most common complication of a stroke that has a negative effect on the result after the stroke. A better definition of the risk factors of the disease will provide for better prediction and treatment.
OBJECTIVE: To research identification of the risk factors for PSD, typical for the Macedonian population, which will help in early prediction, timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease?
METHODS: We carried out a prospective study in order to determine the prevalence and the risk factors of PSD in 100 patients treated at the hospital in Tetovo. The severity, localisation and the functional outcome of the stroke have been examined as potential risk factors for discharge and after 5 months. The symptoms of depression were quantified using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-d).
RESULTS: On discharge, 81% of the patients were diagnosed with PSD, and 67% had PSD after 5 months. A statistically significant codependence of p < 0.05 was registered between PSD and the level of functional dependence for activities of daily living (ADL); PSD and the severity of the stroke; and PSD and the level of disability on both examinations. In most patients with PSD, an ischemic stroke in the right middle cerebral artery has been diagnosed; the percentage difference between the other localisations is statistically significant (p = 0.0436; p = 0.0002).
CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased risk of PSD for immobile patients, those incapable of activities of daily living (ADL), with ischemic stroke in the right middle cerebral artery. A PSD screening and additional studies for better prediction are required.

OBJECTIVE: In previous studies, post-stroke depression (PSD) was found to be related to stroke characteristics as well as social and psychological factors. This study identified altered functional connectivity (FC) in patients with PSD at the subacute phase in three brain networks: default mood network (DMN), cognitive control network (CCN), and affective network (AN). The correlation between FC and the severity of PSD was investigated.
METHODS: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance image (rs-fMRI) was performed on 26 PSD patients (6 females), 24 stroke patients without depression (5 females), and 24 age-matched normal controls (6 females) all aged 40-75 years. The FC values of DMN, CCN, and AN were calculated and compared among the three groups. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (17 items) was employed and the score was correlated with FC in the PSD group.
RESULTS: The FCs of the three networks were altered in PSD patients at the subacute phase compared to stroke patients without depression and normal controls (NC). Moreover, the left inferior parietal gyrus, the left orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus, and left angular gyrus (which indicated altered FC) were significantly correlated with HDRS scores in PSD patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Alteration of the three neural networks might be correlated with the development of PSD at the subacute phase of stroke.