PC12细胞,它们来自大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞,被广泛用于神经元分化的研究。NGF通过TrkA受体激活细胞内途径诱导PC12细胞的神经元分化,这导致细长的神经突和神经元样特征。此外,分化需要ERK1/2和p38MAPK途径。除了NGF,BMP还可以在PC12细胞中诱导神经元分化。BMPs是TGF-β细胞因子超家族的一部分,可激活p38MAPK和Smad等信号通路。然而,NGF和BMP的短暂寿命可能限制了它们在生物体中的有效性.尽管PC12细胞用于研究各种物理刺激对神经元分化的影响,新方法的开发和对分子机制的理解正在进行中。在这次全面审查中,我们讨论了在不依赖NGF的情况下诱导PC12细胞中的神经元分化,已经为电气建立了,电磁,和热刺激,但对机械来说是一个挑战,超声,光刺激。此外,由物理刺激引起的神经元分化的潜在机制仍然未知。阐明这些机制有望开发新的神经再生方法和使用神经干细胞推进神经再生医疗技术。
PC12 cells, which are derived from rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells, are widely used for the study of neuronal differentiation. NGF induces neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by activating intracellular pathways via the TrkA receptor, which results in elongated neurites and neuron-like characteristics. Moreover, the differentiation requires both the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways. In addition to NGF, BMPs can also induce neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. BMPs are part of the TGF-β cytokine superfamily and activate signaling pathways such as p38 MAPK and Smad. However, the brief lifespan of NGF and BMPs may limit their effectiveness in living organisms. Although PC12 cells are used to study the effects of various physical stimuli on neuronal differentiation, the development of new methods and an understanding of the molecular mechanisms are ongoing. In this comprehensive
review, we discuss the induction of neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells without relying on NGF, which is already established for electrical, electromagnetic, and thermal stimulation but poses a challenge for mechanical, ultrasound, and light stimulation. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation induced by physical stimuli remain largely unknown. Elucidating these mechanisms holds promise for developing new methods for neural regeneration and advancing neuroregenerative medical technologies using neural stem cells.