游泳时,水中预热的有益效果通常会因竞争前的长过渡期（≥20分钟）而受到损害。出于这个原因,在游泳文献中进行了比较水中热身和旱地活动的影响的研究。由于使用了有监督和无监督的热身程序的大量组合，这带来了相互矛盾的证据。因此,进行了范围审查，以讨论（1）为什么热身策略对于竞技游泳很重要；确定（2）文献中可用的不同热身方法是什么，以及；建立(3)主要结论是什么，在进一步研究中应该解决的考虑因素和差距，以便为干预措施提供更明确的指导。搜索是在PubMed上进行的，WebofScience,Scopus,和SPORTDiscus数据库。被认为是合格的，研究必须通过使用随机对照试验或研究前设计来评估游泳运动员热身程序的急性短期反应。本综述共纳入42篇文章。根据是否包含热身来评估热身反应的有效性，调理活动的类型(水中运动，水中锻炼结合旱地或仅旱地锻炼)，它的持续时间，和强度。（1）预热机制主要与与心血管适应和短期特定神经肌肉适应相关的温度变化有关。因此，在比赛前的过渡阶段保持肌肉活动和体温可以帮助游泳者的表现;（2）比赛前最常见的方法通常包括在≤60％的最大耗氧量的强度下进行中等里程的水中预热（〜1000m），随后是旱地协议，以保持肌肉活动和体温在过渡阶段升高。旱地活动只有在水中热身后进行，才能优化短跑游泳的表现，特别是如果加热的衣服元件磨损。在热身过程中使用系绳游泳和手桨并不能提供比传统的水中热身效果更好的肌肉反应，可能是因为游泳技术的急性改变。相比之下,半束缚抵抗游泳可以被认为是产生激活后性能增强的适当刺激;（3）仰泳尚未研究，蝴蝶或个人混合泳，关于在超过100米的距离上进行实验性热身的影响的研究很少。女性在热身研究中的代表性非常不足，这阻止了关于性别调节对热身程序的特定反应可能产生的影响的结论。
In swimming, the beneficial effects of the in-water warm-up are often undermined by the long transition periods before competition (≥ 20 min). For that reason, studies comparing the effects of in-water warm-ups followed by dryland activities have been conducted in the swimming literature. This has brought conflicting evidence due to large combinations of supervised and unsupervised warm-up procedures used. Therefore, a scoping
review was performed to discuss (1) why warm-up strategies are important for competitive swimming; to identify (2) what are the different warm-up approaches available in the literature, and; to establish (3) what are the main conclusions, considerations and gaps that should be addressed in further research to provide clearer guidance for interventions. The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. To be considered eligible, studies must have assessed acute short-term responses of warm-up procedures in swimmers by using randomized controlled trials or pre-post study designs. A total of 42 articles were included in this
review. The effectiveness of warm-up responses was evaluated based on the inclusion or not of warm-up, the type of conditioning activity (in-water exercise, in-water exercise combined with dryland or dryland exercise only), its duration, and intensity. (1) Warm-up mechanisms have been mainly related to temperature changes associated to cardiovascular adaptations and short-term specific neuromuscular adaptations. Thus, maintaining muscle activity and body temperature during the transition phase immediately prior to competition could help swimmers\' performance; (2) the most common approach before a race usually included a moderate mileage of in-water warm-up (~ 1000 m) performed at an intensity of ≤ 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption, followed by dryland protocols to keep the muscle activity and body temperature raised during the transition phase. Dryland activities could only optimize performance in sprint swimming if performed after the in-water warm-up, especially if heated clothing elements are worn. Using tethered swimming and hand-paddles during warm-ups does not provide superior muscular responses to those achieved by traditional in-water warm-ups, possibly because of acute alterations in swimming technique. In contrast, semi-tethered resisted swimming may be considered as an appropriate stimulus to generate post-activation performance enhancements; (3) nothing has yet been investigated in backstroke, butterfly or individual medley, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of experimental warm-ups over distances greater than 100 m. Women are very under-represented in warm-up research, which prevents conclusions about possible sex-regulated effects on specific responses to the warm-up procedures.
