BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the entire dentition with odontogenic keratocyst is a very challenging quandary. Most cases of odontogenic keratocyst are often reported to be benign, resulting in severe occlusal discrepancies with the maxillary and mandibular dentition. Dental radiographs occasionally reveal an uncommon, locally aggressive developing cyst termed as odontogenic keratocyst, which is typically located in the posterior jaw. When this cyst occurs in the anterior region, it is often misdiagnosed with other periapical lesions due to its lack of response to pulp vitality tests.
METHODS: This clinical case scenario demarcates the endodontic management of a patient diagnosed with odontogenic keratocyst. A 37-year-old Indian male patient reported to the department with throbbing pain in the lower left posterior tooth requiring endodontic therapy. This patient also presented with odontogenic keratocyst in the anterior region of the jaw, for which he had undergone surgical rehabilitation. This case report highlights the clinical protocol for the endodontic therapy in patient diagnosed with ododntogenic keratocyst. Masticatory impairment was not visible after the follow-up period and the treatment outcome was successful.
CONCLUSIONS: This case report details the presentation, characteristic radiographic findings, and endodontic management of a patient with an extremely rare condition of odontogenic keratocyst. The management involves multidisciplinary approach for the rehabilitation.

The odontogenic keratocystic tumor (OKT) or also currently known as odontogenic keratocyst (OK) is a benign pathology derived from the remains of the dental lamina characteristic for possessing variable amounts of desquamated keratin. It usually rises as solitary or with the presence of satellite cysts, the appearance of these satellite cysts is frequently related to the possible recurrence of OK, according to the literature, this recurrence can vary between 0 - 50%. As for the treatment stage of (OKT), it can be mentioned that at present there is a well-defined histological and clinical criterion, which facilitates its recognition and therefore its treatment. According to the literature, there are several treatment procedures that can be classified into non-conservative or radical treatments and conservative treatments accompanied by adjuvant methods. Within the non-conservative or radical treatments, we find en bloc resection, which is the most aggressive way to treat a keratocyst; however, it is the most effective way to avoid recurrence. Within the conservative treatments, marsupialization, decompression, and enucleation with or without adjuvant therapy are described. It is paramount to know how to recognize the different types of treatment for (OKT) since this will be conditioned by multiple factors, such as the location of nearby bone structures and the size of the lesion considering the possible involvement of dental structures. The objective is to seek the lowest-risk treatment possible, which avoids recurrence and finally puts an end to this pathology.

BACKGROUND: Stem cells have been associated with self-renewing and plasticity and have been investigated in various odontogenic lesions in association with their pathogenesis and biological behavior. We aim to provide a systematic review of stem cell markers\' expression in odontogenic tumors and cysts.
METHODS: The literature was searched through the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE via OVID, Web of Science, and CINHAL via EBSCO databases for original studies evaluating stem cell markers\' expression in different odontogenic tumors/cysts, or an odontogenic disease group and a control group. The studies\' risk of bias (RoB) was assessed via a Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool. Meta-analysis was conducted for markers evaluated in the same pair of odontogenic tumors/cysts in at least two studies.
RESULTS: 29 studies reported the expression of stem cell markers, e.g., SOX2, OCT4, NANOG, CD44, ALDH1, BMI1, and CD105, in various odontogenic lesions, through immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, microarrays, and RNA-sequencing. Low, moderate, and high RoBs were observed in seven, nine, and thirteen studies, respectively. Meta-analysis revealed a remarkable discriminative ability of SOX2 for ameloblastic carcinomas or odontogenic keratocysts over ameloblastomas.
CONCLUSIONS: Stem cells might be linked to the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of odontogenic pathologies and represent a potential target for future individualized therapies.

Papilliferous keratoameloblastoma (PKA) is a rare entity, and not much is known about its clinicodemographic features or biological nature. This review aimed to provide clarity regarding the characterisation of the demographic, clinical, radiological and histopathological features of PKA. Case reports of PKA were identified through a systematic search across multiple databases. The search yielded a total of 10 cases, half of which were of Indian origin. All the cases invariably occurred in the mandibular posterior region and involved the right side; only one case primarily involved the left side of the mandible. PKA should be considered a variant of the conventional ameloblastoma that is towards the more aggressive end of the spectrum. It tends to occur in older individuals (in their fifth decade or older), with a marked propensity to occur in the right mandibular posterior region. Surgical resection with diligent follow-up is warranted in the treatment of PKA.

Odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) are aggressive cysts with a high recurrence potential. Treating them with surgical enucleation procedures alone is associated with high recurrence rates; therefore, additional or supportive treatment approaches, such as peripheral osteotomy, cryotherapy, and chemical solutions, are warranted. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the existing literature on the efficacy of chemical approaches, such as Carnoy\'s solution (CS), in preventing recurrence after the enucleation of OKC. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to find articles published from January 2010 to December 2022 by using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms \"Odontogenic Keratocyst\" \"Carnoy\'s Solution,\" \"Treatment,\" and \"Enucleation.\" Articles published in the English language were selected for the study. The PICOS criteria (population: patients with non-syndromic OKC with histopathological diagnosis and a minimum follow-up of six months; intervention and comparison: enucleation followed by adjunctive chemical therapy and standard procedure; outcome: recurrence rates; study design: retrospective and prospective studies, randomized controlled trials, and case series involving at least 10 cases of OKC) were employed. Studies involving syndromic (nevoid basal cell carcinoma) cases were excluded from the search. Seventeen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and the majority of them were retrospective studies, with a few case series. OKC was found more frequently in the mandible, with a recurrence rate of 11%, when treated with CS following enucleation after four years of follow-up. Modified Carnoy\'s solution (MC) was used in two studies. The mean follow-up period was 44 months. Based on our findings, adjuvant therapy using a chemical approach following enucleation is a more effective and beneficial modality for the treatment of OKC.

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a common cystic lesion in the jaw. Its management, however, is highly debated with no consensus on the best treatment option. Clinicians base their approach on treatment efficacy and associated morbidity. Management often consists of enucleation with peripheral ostectomy and adjunctive therapy to prevent recurrence. The aim of our systematic review was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these different modalities. Embase, Medline, and Cochrane were searched according to the PRISMA guidelines for articles that presented non-syndromic patients with histopathologically confirmed OKC treated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU), Carnoy\'s solution (CS), or modified Carnoy\'s solution (MCS) as adjunctive therapy after enucleation and peripheral ostectomy. The outcomes of interest were safety (measured as adverse events) and efficacy (expressed as recurrence). Risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Four studies were included and 62 patients were evaluated. The results show that recurrence occurred only in patients treated with MCS. Reported adverse events were mostly limited to paraesthesia that could be permanent (in the CS and MCS treatment groups) or transient (across all adjunctive therapies). With the prohibition of CS, both MCS and 5FU are promising replacement adjunctive therapies. From a safety and efficacy perspective we consider 5FU, which was associated with the lowest recurrence and fewest adverse events, to be the most viable option. More high-evidence prospective studies, such as randomised controlled trials, with a longer follow-up period are necessary to draw definite conclusions.

Maxillary sinus odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is very rare and occupies less than 1% of the total OKC cases reported in the literature. OKCs have characteristic features that are unique compared to other cysts of the maxillofacial region. Considering their peculiar behaviour, varied origin, debated development, discourse treatment modalities, and high recurrence rate, OKCs have been a subject of interest for various oral surgeons and pathologists globally. This case report presents an unusual case of invasive maxillary sinus OKC into the orbital floor, pterygoid plates, and hard palate in a 30-year-old female. The case report confers that cystic maxillary sinus lesions should always be treated very extensively irrespective of the nature of the lesion as the site makes it highly susceptible to secondary infection and recurrence. The case also establishes a set of imaging modalities and specific treatment approaches to be followed for maxillary sinus OKC based on the literature of all the previous cases reported.

UNASSIGNED: Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst that usually can be seen within the jaw bones. The cyst arises from the remnants of odontogenic epithelial cells in the jaw bones. In rare cases the cyst can arise in the extraosseous tissues like the gingiva which is the most common site. However, other uncommon sites like oral mucosa and orofacial muscles have been reported.
METHODS: In this article we present a case report of 17-years-old male patient who visited the dentist complaining of a swelling in the right cheek for almost 2 years. He had no medical history with medications or genetic diseases. The mass was removed by the oral surgeon then subjected to histological examination; it was found to be an intramuscular odontogenic keratocyst.
UNASSIGNED: Intramuscular odontogenic keratocyst is a rare cyst that can be seen in the orofacial muscle, and it can be difficult to diagnose when only clinical and radiographic features are based, and the definitive diagnosis is based on histological examination. The treatment is complete surgical excision.
CONCLUSIONS: 39 cases were reported and achieved since 1971 until now, most of them presented in the gingiva and buccal mucosa and extremely rare within the muscles.

UNASSIGNED: Odontogenic lesions composed of two or more separate odontogenic cysts are uncommon. The calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) are odontogenic cysts that exhibit some neoplastic features. Concurrence of these lesions is extremely rare. We report a rare case of COC combined with OKC in a patient and review the relevant literature systemically.
METHODS: In this article, we present a case report of an 18-year-old boy patient with no medical history whose chief complaint was facial asymmetry. A painless swelling in the right side of the posterior mandible was observed. Histopathological and radiographic investigations revealed a combined odontogenic lesion composed of inflamed OKC with COC.
UNASSIGNED: Long-lasting debates on the true nature of OKC and COC, whether cystic or neoplastic, has been existed so far. Their genetic-derived mechanisms can justify the concurrent occurrence of these cysts in a patient. The treatment plan for this lesion included decompression followed by enucleation, curettage, and application of Carnoy\'s solution.
CONCLUSIONS: We reported a rare case of an inflamed OKC with COC-like features. Based on the literature, the coincidence of these two odontogenic cysts has been reported for the third time here.

Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) is an odontogenic cyst of developmental origin arising from remnants of the dental lamina. Malignant or benign transformations though rare have been noticed from their epithelium. Ameloblastomatous transformation from an OKC is extremely rare with such lesions being referred to as combined/\"hybrid\" odontogenic lesions. In this article, we present an intriguing case of a 60-year-old male who was operated on for OKC of the anterior mandible 3 years before, who came back with a complaint of swelling over the same site. Incisional biopsy revealed the acanthomatous type of ameloblastoma for which segmental resection with immediate reconstruction using recon plate was done. Excision biopsy revealed a plexiform variant as well, thus exhibiting a hybrid pattern. Surgeons should be aware of this hybrid presentation of ameloblastoma arising from the epithelium of OKC as the acanthomatous subtype is known for its notorious genetic behavior leading to recurrence and aggressive nature of this tumor.