■基于一氧化氮(NO)的基本知识和先前研究,回顾了NO治疗眼部疾病的潜力,并讨论了基于NO的滴眼液在临床实践中的可能性以及NO在眼科中的未来潜力。
■使用以下关键字对英文原始报告和评论进行了PubMed搜索:一氧化氮,眼睛,眼,和药物。
■NO是通过L-精氨酸的NO合酶(NOS)或通过饮食硝酸盐的酶依赖性还原在人体内合成的。三种类型的NOS(eNOS,nNOS,和iNOS)在正常生理或病理条件下在眼中大量表达。NO在眼中的生物学效应是剂量依赖性的。低眼内NO浓度,由eNOS或nNOS产生,有各种细胞效应,包括血管舒张,眼内压(IOP)调节,和神经保护。在病理性眼部条件下诱导的iNOS在局部环境中产生高浓度的NO并介导组织炎症,眼细胞凋亡,和神经变性。特别是,已报道在青光眼和视网膜缺血性或退行性疾病中iNOS增加。NO在眼外伤中起着至关重要的作用。NO可以促进眼表伤口愈合,同时根除化学烧伤或感染性角膜炎中的细菌和棘阿米巴等病原体。此外,NO通过环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)信号通路具有抗纤维化活性。NO会导致平滑肌松弛,可用于抑制儿童近视进展。NO可以是干细胞调节剂并且可以帮助治疗眼部干细胞病症。
■由于其不同的生物效应,NO可以在调节各种眼部疾病的眼部炎症中起关键作用,帮助眼表伤口愈合,控制青光眼的眼压,缓解视网膜疾病,抑制近视进展。尽管对高度不稳定状态的有效使用仍然存在限制,气态NO,通过开发新的NO供体和有效的递送平台,可以大大扩展NO在眼科领域的作用。
UNASSIGNED: Based on basic knowledge and prior research on nitric oxide (NO), the potential of NO for treating eye diseases is reviewed, and the possibility of NO-based eye drops in clinical practice and the future potential of NO in ophthalmology are discussed.
UNASSIGNED: A PubMed search was performed for English-language original reports and reviews using the following key words: nitric oxide, eye, ocular, and drug.
UNASSIGNED: NO is synthesized in the human body by NO synthase (NOS) from L-arginine or through enzyme-dependent reduction of dietary nitrate. Three types of NOS (eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS) are abundantly expressed in the eye under normal physiologic or pathologic conditions. The biological effect of NO in the eye is dose dependent. Low intraocular NO concentrations, produced by eNOS or nNOS, have various cellular effects, including vasodilation, intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation, and neuroprotection. iNOS induced under pathologic ocular conditions produces high NO concentrations in the local environment and mediates tissue inflammation, ocular cell apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. In particular, increased iNOS has been reported in glaucoma and retinal ischemic or degenerative diseases. NO plays a vital role in ocular injury. NO can facilitate ocular surface wound healing while eradicating pathogens such as bacteria and Acanthamoeba in chemical burns or infectious keratitis. Furthermore, NO has antifibrotic activity via the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway. NO causes smooth muscle relaxation, which can be used to inhibit myopia progression in children. NO can be a stem cell modulator and may help in treating ocular stem cell disorders.
UNASSIGNED: Because of its diverse biologic effects, NO can be a key player in regulating ocular inflammation in various ocular diseases, aiding ocular surface wound healing, controlling IOP in glaucoma, alleviating retinal disease, and suppressing myopia progression. Although there remain limitations to the effective use of highly unstable state, gaseous NO, the role of NO in the field of ophthalmology can be greatly expanded through the development of novel NO donors and effective delivery platforms.