UNASSIGNED: To compare clinical characteristics of patients suffering from neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) with mature and immature choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) as assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). To explore the effect of total anti-vascular endothelial growth factor exposure on the occurrence of mature CNV when correcting for potential confounders.
UNASSIGNED: In this retrospective case series, we included 40 eyes of 36 patients with nAMD with CNV assessed by OCTA at the Manchester Eye Hospital between June 2016 and June 2017. A retinal specialist masked to patient information graded CNV depicted on OCTA scans. For statistical comparisons, we used t-tests, Fisher\'s exact tests and a mixed-effects logistic regression model.
UNASSIGNED: 18 patients (20 eyes) were treatment naïve, and the mean number of intravitreal injections (IVI) in the remaining eyes was 18.4 (range 2-71). The mean duration of nAMD was 19.3 months (range 0-87.4). 25 eyes (62.5%) exhibited mature CNV. Eyes with mature CNV did not differ from those with immature CNV regarding age (+2.8 years; p=0.288) or duration of disease (+9.4 months; p=0.061). However, they had a higher number of IVIs (+3.1; p=0.035). Among eyes with best corrected visual acuity over 25 letters, there was a strong association between the number of IVIs (0 vs 1-20: OR 68.01 [95% CI 1.30 to 3546.99; p=0.036], 0 vs >20 IVI: OR 380.01 [95% CI 2.60 to 55 464.89; p=0.019]) and maturity status when correcting for potential confounders.
UNASSIGNED: Maturity status of CNV as assessed by OCTA may indicate treatment exposure of CNV in nAMD.

An emerging treatment modality for reducing damage caused by ischaemia-reperfusion injury is ischaemic conditioning. This technique induces short periods of ischaemia that have been found to protect against a more significant ischaemic insult. Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) can be administered more conveniently and safely, by inflation of a pneumatic blood pressure cuff to a suprasystolic pressure on a limb. Protection is then transferred to a remote organ via humoral and neural pathways. The diabetic state is particularly vulnerable to ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and ischaemia is a significant cause of many diabetic complications, including the diabetic foot. Despite this, studies utilising ischaemic conditioning and RIC in type 2 diabetes have often been disappointing. A newer strategy, repeat RIC, involves the repeated application of short periods of limb ischaemia over days or weeks. It has been demonstrated that this improves endothelial function, skin microcirculation, and modulates the systemic inflammatory response. Repeat RIC was recently shown to be beneficial for healing in lower extremity diabetic ulcers. This article summarises the mechanisms of RIC, and the impact that type 2 diabetes may have upon these, with the role of neural mechanisms in the context of diabetic neuropathy a focus. Repeat RIC may show more promise than RIC in type 2 diabetes, and its potential mechanisms and applications will also be explored. Considering the high costs, rates of chronicity and serious complications resulting from diabetic lower extremity ulceration, repeat RIC has the potential to be an effective novel advanced therapy for this condition.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term outcomes of full macular translocation (FMT) for myopic choroidal neovascularisation (mCNV).
METHODS: We evaluated a consecutive case series of 60 eyes with mCNV that underwent FMT. We assessed the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus photographs and fluorescein angiography images, and evaluated the anatomic and visual outcomes.
RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 76.3 months. The macula was relocated successfully in all eyes. The mean distance of macular translocation was 2842 μm. The baseline BCVA was 0.78 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) unit; the logMAR BCVA values at 1, 3 and 5 years postoperatively significantly (p<0.001) improved to 0.54 at 1 year and then remained stable. The new fovea was associated with enlargement of the myopic chorioretinal atrophy in 19 (31.7%) eyes. Subfoveal or juxtafoveal CNV at the translocated new fovea developed in five (8.3%) eyes.
CONCLUSIONS: FMT for mCNV maintained the improvement in VA for more than 5 years. However, postoperative complications and progression of chorioretinal atrophy due to myopia still seem to limit the visual improvement after FMT for mCNV.