[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1114817.].

The larynx is an organ of the upper airway that participates in breathing, glutition, voice production, and airway protection. These complex functions depend on vocal fold (VF) movement, facilitated in turn by the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM). The necessary precise and near-instantaneous modulation of each ILM contraction relies on proprioceptive innervation of the larynx. Dysfunctional laryngeal proprioception likely contributes to disorders such as laryngeal dystonia, dysphagia, vocal fold paresis, and paralysis. While the proprioceptive system in skeletal muscle derived from somites is well described, the proprioceptive circuitry that governs head and neck structures such as VF has not been so well characterized. For over two centuries, researchers have investigated the question of whether canonical proprioceptive organs, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs, exist in the ILM, with variable findings. The present work is a state-of-the-art review of the peripheral component of laryngeal proprioception, including current knowledge of canonical and possible alternative proprioceptive circuitry elements in the larynx.

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We have described 4 patients with progressive lower and upper motor neuron deficits, marked sensory loss in the legs, \'neurogenic bladder\', and, in 2 of the 4, dementia. Autopsy of two revealed a profusion of microscopic bodies resembling corpora amylacea or Lafora bodies, but restricted to processes of neurons and astrocytes. Similar (but especially large) bodies were seen within axons of sural nerves taken at biopsy from the other two patients. A general term--\'polyglucosan body\'--is introduced to refer to these structures in all the circumstances in which they may occur, such as in Lafora\'s disease, in a syndrome of longstanding double athetosis, in some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in type IV glycogenosis, in diabetic rats, and in the normal course of ageing. Except in type IV glycogenosis, the causes for accumulation of polyglucosan bodies are unknown. They may damage tissue by more than one mechanism--probably by impeding axonal flow and impairing perivascular diffusion of metabolites.

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The controversial literature concerning the presence or absence of extraocular muscle proprioception is reviewed under the headings of anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical evidence. The principal area of confusion, namely whether to expect conscious awareness of proprioceptive information, is a problem also faced by researchers dealing with general skeletal muscle proprioception. It is unlikely that extraocular muscle proprioception will be understood in isolation from the proprioceptive mechanisms of the rest of the body.

It is the thesis of this review that the origin of the intercurrent facilitation at 50 to 400 msec in the standard recovery curve of the H reflex, evoked with paired stimuli, is a complex. It is composed importantly of central feedback effects from the conditioning reflex contraction, influences mediated by cutaneous group III afferent nerve fibres excited by the percutaneous stimulus, and with a possible additional modest contribution by long-loop, spino-bulbo-spinal influences.

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The broad spectrum of skills in sport, with their high demands on strength, speed, endurance, coordination, and flexibility, represents one of the greatest challenges to human motor performances. However, the basic neurophysiological mechanisms in sport are not principally different from those in everyday motor acts. This review describes some of the relevant neurophysiological facts in a comprehensive frame, with emphasis on new findings and changes of traditional concepts. Going from simple to increasingly complex processes, the following chapters, each with several subtopics, will be treated: peripheral and spinal building blocks of motoricity; elementary grammar of the spinal cord; some aspects of spinal/supraspinal coordination in the brainstem; achievements and problems of cerebral motor control; and principles of motor learning in sport. In conclusion, the recent progress in neurophysiological research on motor systems allows recognition of a substantially new trend, a change of \"paradigms\": old mechanistic concepts of reflex chains and motor functions, like a complicated automation, are increasingly replaced by the idea of a sensing, planning, and self-operating subject whose mental processes are decisive for motor behavior, particularly in sport. Further mutual stimulation and support can be expected from this development between the science of sport and that of neuro- and psychophysiology.