单孢菌毒素是倍半萜化合物,主要由真菌在分类属如镰刀菌中产生,Myrothecium,Stachybotrys,赤霉,和其他人,在全球范围内的特定气候条件下。镰刀菌霉菌是一种主要的植物病原体,产生许多单端孢菌毒素,包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(或呕吐毒素),雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,二乙酰氧基罗素,还有T-2毒素,HT-2毒素。单一胃病对呕吐毒素敏感,而家禽和反刍动物通过胃肠道中的微生物代谢对某些单端孢霉烯似乎不太敏感。单孢霉烯真菌毒素在世界范围内存在,但是总浓度和存在的毒素的特定混合物随环境条件而变化。适当的农业做法,如避免晚收,从田野里清除过冬的残茬,避免有利于镰刀菌在残留物中生长的玉米/小麦轮作可以减少谷物的单端孢菌污染。由于低浓度的单端孢霉烯引起的毒性作用的模糊性质,低水平暴露与特定的单端孢菌之间的牢固联系很难建立。多重因素,比如营养,管理,和环境条件会影响动物健康,需要根据已知会对健康造成不利影响的霉菌毒素和浓度的知识进行评估。未来的研究评估低水平暴露对牲畜的影响可能会阐明对免疫力的潜在影响。单孢霉烯迅速从动物体内排出,和可食用组织中的残留物,牛奶,或者鸡蛋可能可以忽略不计。在长期暴露于单端孢霉烯的情况下,一旦被污染的饲料被移除并停止暴露,动物通常具有良好的康复预后。这篇综述显示了2011-2020年食品和饲料中单端孢霉烯的发生及其毒性作用,并总结了与农场动物暴露于霉菌毒素污染的饲料和对人类健康的影响相关的食品中单端孢霉烯残留相关的潜在公共卫生问题的讨论。此外,本文讨论了它们的检测方法。
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This
review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.