Several surgical techniques have been documented for approaching and repairing superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS). These techniques encompass the trans-middle cranial fossa, transmastoid, endoscopic approaches, and round window reinforcement (RWR). RWR entails the placement of connective tissue with or without cartilage and around the round window niche, restricting the round window\'s movement to minimize the 3rd window effect and restore the bony labyrinth closer to its normal state. We employed the multilayer RWR technique, resulting in significant postoperative improvement and long-lasting effects for 3.7 years in 2 cases. Here, we present the clinical findings, surgical procedures, and the effectiveness of multilayer RWR. This technique can be the initial choice for surgical treatments of SCDS due to its high effectiveness, longer-lasting effect, and minimal risk of surgical complications.

Economic incentive is thought a good intervention type that can encourage residents to do food waste sorting by many cities\' government in China. However, there is a lack of long-term, large-scale study. So the business-led incentive scheme was studied by a case study in Nanjing, China, which focuses on food waste sorting. The results showed that the incentive can encourage at most an average 37% of residents to start and then continue to do food waste sorting regularly. Later, the incentive cannot encourage more even with many non-economic interventions. And most of these participating residents (31%) were encouraged at the first 12 months. The results also showed that house price had a negative relationship with the community sorting performance. The comparative study results showed that the community committee must be involved in the non-economic interventions to encourage more residents to take part; otherwise, the company will fail even after many attempts. So the government should apply the incentive policy by dialectical view in food waste sorting. And the incentive scheme should involve all the stakeholders to apply non-economic interventions to encourage more residents to do food waste sorting.

UNASSIGNED: Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a reactive hypermelanosis of various skin types, which occurs as a sequela of cutaneous inflammation or injury. Despite generally a self-limited and temporary condition, PIH is still a frustrating problem that can have significant psychosocial effects on patients, especially those with darker skin types. Laser therapy is one of the effective treatments for PIH, and various wavelength lasers and light devices have been utilized in PIH therapy. Nonetheless, data on the long-term efficacy of the 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser are limited.
UNASSIGNED: This study analyzed two cases of PIH treated with a combination of a 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser and a diffractive lens array or zoom handpiece. Efficacy of the treatment was determined by the images of skin lesions under a fixed light source before and after each treatment, which were independently reviewed by two plastic-surgery specialists blinded to the clinical data. Improvement was classified as complete (>75%), significant (50-75%), mild (25-50%), and inefficient (<25% or no obvious change). Skin imaging analysis was carried out using the VISIA system (Canfield, USA), and dermoscopy was performed at the same time.
UNASSIGNED: After two to three courses of treatment, all cases showed significant or complete improvement, and no recurrence was observed during the three years of follow-up.
UNASSIGNED: A 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser in combination with a diffractive lens array or zoom handpiece had significant and long-term efficacy for the treatment of PIH caused by trauma. However, attention should be paid to the problem of transient deepening of pigmentation during treatment.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological problems in Asia. While the disease itself is self-limited and temporary, the dystrophic texture changes after the inflammatory process are often a serious aesthetic concern. Many energy-based devices have seen good results in treating atrophic acne scars, and the picosecond laser with specific lens is one of the newer options, and lack reports on its long-term efficacy.
METHODS: We report three Taiwanese cases who, to our knowledge, consist of the longest clinical follow-up times for atrophic scar treatment with the 755 nm diffractive lens picosecond laser. Photographs were compared on a by-session basis by two blinded dermatologists independent of the primary treating physician and given an improvement range of <25%, 25%-50%, 50%-75%, and >75%.
RESULTS: While there are minor (<25%) improvements in all cases after the first four treatment sessions, all three cases saw the greatest improvement in skin texture (>75% in two cases, 50%-75% in one) when they were followed up 6, 13.5, and 28 months post-last treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate excellent, long-onset, and long-term efficacy of the picosecond laser with diffractive lens in the treatment of acne atrophic scars. It also demonstrates the safe use of the device on Asian skins without symptoms of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of endometrioma excision on ovarian reserve. This study evaluated the long-term effects of endometrioma excision on ovarian reserve. A total of 63 women were enrolled in this prospective case-control study; 21 women had histories of endometrioma surgery (study group), 21 women had diagnoses of endometrioma, and 21 healthy age-matched women served as controls. Participants were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, between January 2007 and January 2016. The mean follow-up duration after endometrioma surgery was 30.4 ± 18.0 months for the study group. The mean follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol levels were similar among groups, but the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level was significantly lower in the surgery group than in the control group (p < .001). The mean AMH level was 42% lower in the endometrioma surgery group than in the endometrioma group and 30% lower in the endometrioma group than in the control group (p = .080 and p = .160, respectively). Endometrioma has a detrimental effect on ovarian reserve, and decreased ovarian reserve compared with that in healthy fertile subjects without endometrioma is evident shortly after endometrioma excision. However, the endometrioma excision procedure does not significantly decrease the ovarian reserve in the long term.

To evaluate long-term effect of biochar application on yield-scaled greenhouse gas emissions (YSGE) in a paddy rice cropping system, a 4-year field experiment by static chamber - gas chromatograph method was conducted in South China. Principal component analysis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and real-time qPCR was used to unravel the microbial mechanisms of biochar addition. Six treatments were included: control (CK), application of 5tha(-1) biochar (BC1), application of 10tha(-1) biochar (BC2), application of 10tha(-1) biochar (BC3), rice straw return at 2400kgha(-1)(RS) and inoculated rice straw return at 2400kgha(-1)(RI). The results indicated that biochar amendment significantly decreased methane (CH4) and gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This may primarily be ascribed to the stimulated biodiversity and abundance of methanotrophic microbes, increased soil pH and improved aeration by reducing bulk density after biochar incorporation. Compared with CK, RS and RI, 26.18%, 70.02%, 66.47% of CH4 flux and 26.14%, 70.16%, 66.46% of gross GHG emissions were reduced by biochar (mean of three biochar treatments), respectively. Furthermore, biochar significantly increased harvest index of double rice production (p<0.05). In comparison with CK, RS and RI, 29.14%, 68.04%, 62.28% of YSGE was reduced by biochar, respectively, and the highest biochar addition rate (20tha(-1)) contributed most to the mitigation of GHG emissions (36.24% decrease compared to CK) and improvement of rice yield (7.65% increase compared to CK). Results of our study suggested that long-term application of biochar should be the potential way to mitigate GHGs emissions and simultaneously improve rice productivity in the paddy rice system.