BACKGROUND: Identification of Baxter\'s nerve (BN) has proven challenging for less experienced practitioners using ultrasonography due to a lack of adequate landmarks. This study aimed to establish novel, user-friendly anatomical landmarks and to describe useful structures to localize BN.
METHODS: We examined 10 fresh cadaveric feet and identified the interobserver agreement of measuring three surface landmarks: the most medially protruded point on the medial malleolus (P), the navicular tuberosity (Q), and the center of the calcaneus (B). Next, 24 fresh cadaveric feet were used to identify the point of BN entry into the quadratus plantae (QP) muscle, which corresponds to the proximal BN impingement site. The rectangular coordinate system consisted of the origin (point P), X-axis, extension line P-Q, and Y-axis (the perpendicular line to the X-axis). To consider various foot sizes, the X and Y values were divided by the P-Q length and were designated as the ratios X and Y.
RESULTS: Points P and Q showed smaller interobserver differences than that of point B. Ratios X and Y were 61.25 and 99.80%, respectively, for the QP. BN arose from the lateral plantar nerve in 20 of 24 specimens. The adjacent vessel was <3 mm from the entrapment site of BN in 20 of 24 specimens.
CONCLUSIONS: New landmarks will improve the precision of localizing the entrapment site of BN and will provide advanced guidelines for podiatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of isolated findings of abnormalities leading to entrapment of the lateral plantar nerve and respective branches in patients complaining of chronic heel pain, whose magnetic resonance imaging exams have showed complete selective fatty atrophy of the abductor digiti quinti muscle.
METHODS: Retrospective, analytical, and cross-sectional study. The authors selected magnetic resonance imaging of hindfoot of 90 patients with grade IV abductor digiti quinti muscle atrophy according to Goutallier and Bernageau classification. Patients presenting with minor degrees of fatty muscle degeneration (below grade IV) and those who had been operated on for nerve decompression were excluded.
RESULTS: A female prevalence (78.8%) was observed, and a strong correlation was found between fatty muscle atrophy and plantar fasciitis in 21.2%, and ankle varices, in 16.8% of the patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Fatty atrophy of the abductor digiti quinti muscle is strongly associated with neuropathic alterations of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve. The present study showed a significant association between plantar fasciitis and ankle varices with grade IV atrophy of the abductor digiti quinti muscle.
Avaliar a prevalência de achados isolados que causam compressão do primeiro ramo do nervo plantar lateral em pacientes com queixa de dor crônica no calcanhar, cujos exames de ressonância magnética mostraram atrofia gordurosa seletiva completa do músculo abdutor do quinto dedo.
Estudo retrospectivo, analítico e transversal. Selecionamos exames de ressonância magnética do retropé de 90 pacientes que apresentavam atrofia muscular grau IV do abdutor do quinto dedo utilizando a classificação de Goutallier e Bernageau. Foram excluídos do estudo pacientes com níveis menores de degeneração muscular (abaixo do grau IV).
Houve predomínio do sexo feminino de 78,8% e alto índice de concordância da atrofia gordurosa do músculo abdutor do quinto dedo com fasciite plantar e varizes no tornozelo, respectivamente, encontrados em 21,2% e 16,8% dos pacientes.
Atrofia gordurosa do músculo abdutor do quinto dedo está fortemente associada a alterações neuropáticas do primeiro ramo do plantar lateral. Nosso estudo mostrou associação significativa entre a fasciite plantar e varizes do tornozelo com atrofia grau IV do abdutor do quinto dedo.

BACKGROUND: The nerve to the abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADMM nerve) is the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve or originates directly from the posterior tibial nerve. Damage to the ADMM nerve is a cause of heel pain and eventually results in ADMM atrophy. It is known that ADMM atrophy occurs more often in females than in males, and the reason remains unclear. This study aimed to explore sex differences in the branching pattern, position, and angle of the ADMM nerve.
METHODS: Forty-two cadavers (20 males, 22 females) were dissected at Aichi Medical University between 2011 and 2015. Cases of foot deformity or atrophy were excluded and 67 ft (30 male, 37 female) were examined to assess the branching pattern, position, and angle of the ADMM nerve.
RESULTS: The branching positions of the ADMM nerve were superior to the malleolar-calcaneal axis (MCA) in 37 ft (55 %), on the MCA in 10 ft (15 %), and inferior to the MCA in 20 ft (30 %). There was no case among male feet in which the ADMM nerve branched inferior to the MCA, whereas this pattern was observed in 19 of 37 female feet (51 %). The branching position of the ADMM nerve was significantly closer to the MCA in female feet than in male feet. There were no significant sex differences in the branching pattern and angle of the ADMM nerve.
CONCLUSIONS: The ADMM nerve sometimes branches off inferior to the MCA in females, but not in males. This difference may be the reason for the more frequent occurrence of ADMM atrophy in females than in males.

BACKGROUND: A new method to evaluate whole plantar nerve conduction with disposable strip electrodes (DSEs) is described.
METHODS: Whole plantar compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs) were recorded at the ankle. DSEs were attached to the sole for simultaneous stimulation of medial and lateral plantar nerves. We also conducted medial plantar nerve conduction studies using an established method and compared the findings.
RESULTS: Whole plantar CNAPs were recorded bilaterally from 32 healthy volunteers. Mean baseline to peak amplitude for CNAPs was 26.9 ± 11.8 μV, and mean maximum conduction velocity was 65.8 ± 8.3 m/s. The mean amplitude of CNAPs obtained by our method was 58.2% higher than that of CNAPs obtained by the Saeed method (26.9 μV vs. 17.0 μV; P < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: The higher mean amplitude of whole plantar CNAPs obtained by our method suggests that it enables CNAPs to be obtained easily, even in elderly people.