生物活性玻璃在生物医学不同领域的应用有增加的趋势,包括组织工程和肿瘤学。这种增加的原因主要归因于BG的固有特性,如优异的生物相容性,以及通过改变来调整它们的属性的便利性,例如,化学成分。先前的实验表明,BG与其离子溶解产物之间的相互作用,和哺乳动物细胞,可以影响和改变细胞行为,从而控制活组织的性能。然而,关于它们在细胞外囊泡(EV)如外泌体的产生和分泌中的关键作用的研究有限。外泌体是纳米大小的膜囊泡,携带各种治疗货物,如DNA,RNA,蛋白质,和脂质,从而可以控制细胞-细胞通讯和随后的组织反应。外泌体的使用目前被认为是组织工程策略中的无细胞方法,由于它们在加速伤口愈合方面的积极作用。另一方面,外泌体被称为癌症生物学的关键参与者(例如,进展和转移),由于它们能够在肿瘤细胞和正常细胞之间携带生物活性分子。最近的研究表明,BG的生物学性能,包括它们的促血管生成活性,是在外泌体的帮助下完成的。的确,治疗性货物(例如,在BG处理的细胞中产生的蛋白质)通过特定的外泌体子集转移到靶细胞和组织,并导致一种生物学现象。另一方面,BG是合适的递送载体,其可用于将外来体靶向递送至感兴趣的细胞和组织。因此,似乎有必要更深入地了解BG在参与组织修复和再生的细胞(主要是间充质干细胞)中产生外泌体的潜在作用,以及在癌症进展中发挥作用的那些(例如,癌症干细胞)。本次审查旨在就这一关键问题提交一份最新报告,为组织工程和再生医学领域的未来研究提供路线图。
There is an increasing trend toward the application of bioactive glasses in different areas of biomedicine, including tissue engineering and oncology. The reason for this increase is mostly attributed to the inherent properties of BGs, such as excellent biocompatibility, and the ease of tailoring their properties by changing, for example, the chemical composition. Previous experiments have demonstrated that the interactions between BGs and their ionic dissolution products, and mammalian cells, can affect and change cellular behaviors, and thereby govern the performance of living tissues. However, limited research exists on their critical role in the production and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes. Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles that carry various therapeutic cargoes such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and thereby can govern cell-cell communication and subsequent tissue responses. The use of exosomes is currently considered a cell-free approach in tissue engineering strategies, due to their positive roles in accelerating wound healing. On the other hand, exosomes are known as key players in cancer biology (e.g., progression and metastasis), due to their capability to carry bioactive molecules between tumor cells and normal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the biological performance of BGs, including their proangiogenic activity, is accomplished with the help of exosomes. Indeed, therapeutic cargos (e.g., proteins) produced in BG-treated cells are transferred by a specific subset of exosomes toward target cells and tissues, and lead to a biological phenomenon. On the other hand, BGs are suitable delivery vehicles that can be utilized for the targeted delivery of exosomes to cells and tissues of interest. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a deeper understanding of the potential effects of BGs in the production of exosomes in cells that are involved in tissue repair and regeneration (mostly mesenchymal stem cells), as well as in those that play roles in cancer progression (e.g., cancer stem cells). This
review aims to present an updated report on this critical issue, to provide a roadmap for future research in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.